A cikin labarin na gaba za mu san komai game da abin da yake Tarihin Jirgin Sama, gano mene ne jirgin farko da ya fara fitowa a tarihin dan Adam, da kuma mene ne asalin wannan sabuwar dabarar da ta kawo sauyi ga hanyoyin safarar jiragen sama. Gano komai game da Tarihin Jirage da ƙari mai yawa.
Tarihin Jirgin Sama
A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi amintaccen hanyoyin sufuri a duk faɗin duniya. Ana kuma la'akari da su a matsayin injunan tashi da ke da tasiri sosai ta fuskar rikice-rikicen yaki, duk da haka, ba koyaushe haka ba ne. A halin yanzu, waɗannan injunan tashi sama suna da cikakkun kayan aikin fasaha mafi girma kuma manyan injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna tsoma baki a cikin ƙirarsu.
Yin wani baƙon injin tashi da aka sani a lokacin da ake kira Clockwork Pigeon a cikin shekara ta 400 da ta gabata. Kristi, ya zama wanda wani mutum ya yi da aka sani da Architas na Tarentum, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan fitaccen malamin falsafa mai suna Plato.
Bisa ga abin da aka gabatar a cikin tarihin tarihi, an ajiye shi a cikin dakatarwa, yana motsawa ta hanyar wani ɓoye na iska wanda shine wanda ya aikata a cikinsa. Halittar kurciya na Archytas, yawanci shine mafi dadewa abin da ya wanzu a cikin jirgin da kuma jirgin wani abu da ya fi nauyi fiye da iska kanta, kuma wannan ba shi da alaka da abin da tatsuniya Icarus da Daedalus.
Duk da haka, yawancin gwaje-gwaje irin wannan ba su da ci gaba a cikin abin da ke cikin duniyar gargajiya. A cikin shekara ta 1420, wanda shine Renaissance na kwanan nan na waɗannan inji, wani mutum mai suna John Fontana wanda likita ne kuma injiniyan asalin Venetian shine mutumin da ya kirkiro abin da ake kira Tsuntsu wanda zai iya tashi. Wannan ƙirƙirar ta sami damar tashi ne saboda wani roka da ke ɓoye a cikin fuka-fukan roba da yake da shi.
Ya ƙunshi amfani da tsarin motsa jiki na jet kafin tarihi wanda aka fi sani da shi a yau Jet, kuma ya zama injiniya mafi kyau wanda ya haifar da babbar sha'awa, kamar yadda wasu suka yi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QylZmdWHhZo
Duk da haka, a cikin tarihin jiragen sama, waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ne masu ban mamaki, waɗanda a halin yanzu ana gudanar da su don samun bayanai saboda a zamaninsu an buga dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a kan takarda ta hanyar zane da zane. Akwai wani mutum da za a ce shi ne mutum na 1 da ya tuka injin tashi, wannan ba wani abu ba ne kuma ba komai ba ne. Leonardo Vinci.
Da kwatsam wannan babban mai kirkiro a cikin wasu abubuwa na birnin Florence, located in Italiya, Shi ne wanda ya san wadannan abubuwan da suka gabata a lokacin da ya zo ya kirkiro na’ura mai tashi da tsuntsu mai tashi, wanda ake yi ta yadda mutum zai iya tuka fukafukansa da taimakon hannu da kafafunsa. kuma za a iya motsa wutsiya tare da taimakon kan mutum.
Leonardo Vinci, shi ne mutumin da ya zo ya ƙirƙira wani nau'in jirgi mai saukar ungulu, wanda ba shi ne ainihin wannan ba, amma wani abu ne mai kama da juna, wanda ke da reshe mai siffar karkace wanda za a iya "nannade" a cikin iska. Wannan babban mafari ne ga farkon fahimtar jirage masu saukar ungulu na zamani. A cikin abin da ya kasance kimanin shekaru 3 da suka biyo baya har zuwa karni na XNUMX, yunƙurin yin injunan tashi sama bai ƙare ba, an yi su ne daga kowane nau'i na mazaje masu ƙarfin zuciya da sanin tarihin jiragen sama kuma a lokuta da yawa daga magoya bayansu.
Wannan ya zama lokacin da za su rabu da yunƙurin farko da Leonardo ya yi a baya, tun da zai fara tare da fahimtar gwaje-gwaje na farko don samun damar tashi ta hanyar fasaha na zamani. Yaya lamarin yake Mai sauriMessenger ko babban jawabinsa Mutum a Wata wanda wani Bishop dan Ingilishi mai suna Francis Godwin, Inda ya yi nisa har ya bayyana wata irin tafiya ta kai tsaye zuwa duniyar wata ta hanyar amfani da karfin garken garken.
Zane na 1 wanda aka yi rikodin akan na'ura wanda manufarsa shine tashi, an yi shi a cikin shekara ta 1670 ta wani Jesuit mai suna. Francesco deLana Terzi. Kayan aikin nasa yana ƙoƙari ya zama mafi sauƙi lokacin da yake cikin iska kuma har ma ya fi kansa nauyi, a cikin nau'i na wani nau'i na jirgin ruwa da ke motsawa ta hanyar jirgin ruwa.
Manufar wannan katafaren kayan tarihi dai shi ne don a samu damar yin shawagi a sararin samaniya ta hanyar wasu filaye guda 4 na tagulla masu tsayin daka kimanin mita 6, wadanda tuni aka kwashe su, wadanda za su ci gaba da karkatar da su ta hanyar dogo. Ko da yake farkon wani abu ne mai inganci, wannan na'urar ba za ta iya yin aiki ba saboda tasirin yanayi iri ɗaya na duniyarmu ta duniya.
Wani lokaci daga baya, fiye ko ƙasa da karni 1 daga baya a cikin shekara ta 1766, wani mutum mai suna Henry Cabendish daga turanci, shi ne wanda ya yi nasarar gano cewa hydrogen wani sinadari ne da ke da ikon yin amfani da shi wajen gwaje-gwaje inda zai yi kokarin sanya abubuwa su yi nauyi fiye da abin da ke tashi daga kasa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin nauyin da yake da shi.
Hakan ya zama gwajin da wani mutum mai suna ya yi Yusuf Black na na Jami'ar Edinburgh, wanda ya gabatar da gabatarwar inda ya saki a gaban dalibansa wata nau'in mafitsara da aka hura tare da taimakon wani hydrogen da ya kai ga rufin asiri.
Ƙarfin da ake kira zuwa sama na sinadarin hydrogen an riga an nuna shi sosai a lokacin da wani ɗan asalin Italiyanci mai suna Tiberius Cavallo, wanda ke aiki a yankunan Ƙasar Ingila, a wajen nune-nunen da ake kira kumfa sabulu da aka cika da iskar gas, kamar yadda ya saba ganowa a cikin littafinsa mai suna. "Tarihi da Ayyukan Aerostation", daga shekara ta 1785.
Wani mutum ya kira Joseph-Michel Montgolfier Asalin Faransanci ya zo don koyo da yawa daga gare su Tiberius Cavallo kamar yadda Yusufu Priestley da su Gwaje-gwaje da Dubawa na nau'ikan iska iri-iri, don ya iya hura balon takardarsa da iska mai zafi ta yadda zai tashi. Wannan mutumin da kuma dan uwansa mai suna Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 1783, sun yi nasarar tayar da iska mai zafi a yankunan birnin. Annonay, barin dukan makwabtansa gaba ɗaya burge.
Wannan kadan ne daga cikin abin da tarihin jiragen sama yake, yanzu za mu dan kara koyo a kai, amma ta hanyar da ta lalace, misali. wanda ya kirkiro jirgin sama na farko da dai sauransu game da tarihin jiragen sama. Idan kuna sha'awar labarinmu akan Tarihin Jirgin sama, muna gayyatar ku don ziyartar labarinmu akan Tarihi de Microsoft.
Wanene wanda ya kirkiro Jirgin?
Duk da cewa ba a san takamaiman wanda ya zo ya kera jirgin na 1 a tarihin jirage ba, amma duk ka'idoji sun zo ne a danganta shi ga 'yan'uwa. Wright, wato, zuwa Wilbur riga Orville, farkon 2 masu ƙirƙira jirgin sama. Tun kafin dan Adam ya yi yunkurin tashi sama kuma ya yi gwaje-gwaje iri-iri na kere-kere da dama domin tabbatar da hakan.
Duk da irin na’urori da yawa, kamar yadda muka fada a baya, an alakanta ’yan’uwa da suka kera na’urar farko da ake kira “Jirgin sama” a duniya, wadda suka harba ta cikin iska da taimakon katafat a waje. ta haka ne aka samu gajeriyar jirgin. Wannan jirgi na farko shi ne wanda ya faru a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 17, a kan yankunan Kitty Hawk located in North Carolinaa cikin Amurka, an yi shi da inji ko jirgin da aka kira Flyer II.
Daga baya, a cikin shekara ta 1906, wani mutum mai suna Alberto Santos-Dumont Shi ne mutumin da ya fara aiwatar da irin wannan jirgin, duk da haka, a wannan karon ba a buƙatar wani nau'in katafat ɗin harba, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yan'uwa. Wright, kuma akwai mutanen da har ma suka danganta kerar jirgin da wannan mutumi maimakon ’yan uwa.
Abin da ya bayyana a sarari shi ne cewa ’yan’uwa su ne suka fi samun ci gaba a cikin babbar duniyar jirgin sama domin ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da suka bayar shi ne sarrafa jujjuyawar jirgin ta hanyar daidaita yanayin jirgin. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, an yi wa dukkan jiragen sama dalla-filla ta hanya mai wuyar iya tafiyar da su, tun da dai ba a yi tunanin bukatar karkatar da fukafukan ba don samun canjin alkibla.
Duk da haka, 'yan'uwa Wright sunyi tunanin hakan kuma shine farkon tashin na'urori masu nauyi fiye da iska. A shekara ta 1908, ’yan’uwa 2 sun ba da haƙƙin mallaka na jirgin sama, wanda shi ne abin da suka ƙirƙiro. Daga baya, sun so su sayar da jirgin da aka ce ga wasu al’ummai, duk da haka, babu wanda yake so ya nuna wa duniya kuma mutane da yawa sun yi tunanin cewa ’yan’uwa sun yi wannan ƙirƙira ta kasa ko kuma yaudara ce.
Yaya Flyer ya kasance?
Jirgin sama na farko da ’yan’uwa suka zo kera Wright ya kasance abin da ake kira biplane. A cikin wannan na'ura, matukin jirgin ya kasance a zaune a kan ƙananan reshen jirgin, kuma injin yana can a gefen dama na matuƙin jirgin kuma shi ne ke da alhakin juya kusan 2 propellers da yake da su kuma suna tsakanin fuka-fukan biyu.
Sannan kuma akwai wasu igiyoyi da aka daure a saman kowane fiffike, kuma matukin zai iya miqe su, wanda jirgin zai iya jujjuya su ta cikin gadi na tsaye da kuma a tsaye. Wannan ya zama hanyar da za a iya sarrafa jirgin, wanda yake da mahimmanci. Idan kuna sha'awar labarinmu akan Tarihin Jirgin sama, muna gayyatar ku don ziyartar labarinmu akan Tarihin Hasken Haske.
Jirgin Farko a Tarihi
Bayan da aka yi rashin nasara da dama na kera jirgin da zai tashi kuma wanda zai iya tashi ta hanyarsa, wani mai suna. William samuel henson, shi ne mutumin da ya kera kuma ya ba da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin shekara ta 1842, menene jirgin sama na 1 da zai zama na farko da aka yi amfani da shi da injin tururi, mai farfasa da kafaffen reshe.
Irin wannan ra'ayi ya kasance yana da ƙarfi a yankunan Paris da London, kuma ya kasance a ciki The Illustrated London News and L'Illustration, inda duk zane-zanen da kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin a fagen aikin injiniya suka fara haɓaka.
Amfani da duk wannan shine abin da zai dogara ne akan gaskiya mai sauƙi kuma wannan shine a cikin ra'ayoyin babban mai ƙirƙira G Cayley da kowane daga cikin zane-zane na W. Henson, an bambanta jirgin sama mai motsi. Don haka Henson shi ne wanda a zahiri bai taba samun damar tafiya daga zanen hotonsa zuwa jirgin sama ba, sabanin haka G Cayley, wanda ya zama gaskiya.
Wani nau'in jirgin ne mara matuki wanda yayi nasarar tashi amma da kyar, tunda ya kasa kula da tafiyarsa sama da dakika 2 ko 3. Abin baƙin cikin shine, sun jira 'yan shekaru don ci gaba na gaba a cikin tarihin jirgin sama na 1 da za a gabatar da shi wanda zai sami babban nasara. Wataƙila yana iya zama fiye da yadda ake tsammani.
Abin takaici ne cewa magadan da suka kasance Henson y kaley sun zama gungun mahaukata, kuma kawai fashewar na'urar shine abin da zai sabawa ra'ayi da imanin injiniyoyi a lokacin.
Don haka zai zama da wuya jikin da ya fi iskar nauyi ya tashi, wanda wani nau'in shakku ne wanda ke samun goyan bayan karancin makamashi da ke da alhakin da kuma gazawar injin iskar gas ko injin tururi. Muna fatan cewa wannan labarin na Tarihin Jirage yana da sha'awar ku, muna kuma gayyatar ku don ziyartar labarinmu kan Wanda Ya Kirkiro Injin Steam.
Duk da haka, wanda ya ƙirƙira wanda mutane da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin manyan masu ƙirƙira mai suna Clement Aderwanda ya kasance babban injiniya. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1890, wannan mutumin da aka sani da c.adar, shi ne mutumin da ya yi nasarar samun na'urarsa da ke da propeller, aka kira Aeolus, zai iya tashi 'yan santimita kuma ya yi tafiyar kimanin mita 50 lokacin da yake tashi.
Duk da cewa ba zai yiwu a sarrafa wannan ƙirƙira kamar yadda ya tsara shi ba kuma ta fado a lokacin da aka sauka, sakamakon da aka samu ya yi kyau sosai.
Wannan nau'in na'ura ya zo yana da fuka-fuki irin na jemagu, yana dauke da injin tururi da farfasa. Haka ake haihuwar jirgin mutum.
Wannan mutumin, a cikin shekara ta 1897, ya zo ya kera wani babban nau'in jirgin sama mai suna jirgi III wanda aka samar da injin tururi mai karfin 30 HP. Da taimakon wannan, ya yi ƙoƙari ya maimaita abin da ya faru a yankin labari, duk da haka, ya kasa cimma nasarar da ake so. An ce jirgin da ke da injin, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin jirage na 1, ana iya gani yau a cikin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙadda ) dake cikin yankunan Paris.
Duk da haka, magoya bayan jirgin ba su huta da sauƙi ba. Tunda injin tashi da wani mai suna Hiram Stevens-Maxim cewa a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1894, ya yi nasarar tashi da wani babban jirgin sama na wancan lokacin. Wannan yana da halaye kamar haka:
- Yana da tsawon fikafikan mita 32
- Yana kuma da nauyin kilogiram 3.000
- Yana da injin tururi 2 na 180 HP kowanne.
Da wannan nau'in jirgin, na iya tashi, in sami tsayi kadan kuma na iya yin tafiya mai nisan kusan mita 60. Duk da haka, na'ura ce mai rikitarwa kuma mai wuyar sarrafawa kuma a ƙarshe ta fado.
Jirgin Farko Da Injin Manned
Juyin halitta da tarihin jirgin sama a ƙarshe ya zo lokacin da aka sami damar cimma jirgin farko wanda mutum ya yi aiki da shi kuma a cikin jirgin sama mai sarrafa kansa. Kamar yadda ya faru da wasu abubuwan kirkire-kirkire a tarihin jiragen sama ko na tashi, an yi ta cece-kuce da kuma rashin adalci game da wanda ya zama matukin jirgi na farko a tarihi da ya tuka jirgi mai nauyi.
A ƙarshe, wannan takaddama ya kasance tsakanin bangarori 2, a gefe guda, akwai Alberto Santos-Dumont kuma a daya bangaren 'yan uwa masu tsoro. Koyaya, za a gano hakan daga baya cikin shekaru.
jirgin farko na Gustave Whitehead
Yana yiwuwa a sami rikodin jirgin na 1 na mota wanda mutumin da ya sami damar tashi, tuƙi da sauka cikin sauƙi. Ya kasance a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1901 a cikin yankuna na Gidan yanar gizo, dake cikin Amurka, godiya ga wanda ya kirkiro da kuma masanin kimiyya mai suna Gustave Whitehead, wanda a gaban wasu shaidu 20 ya yi nasarar yin jirgi sau 3 ta hanyar samfurinsa mai lamba 21.
Bayanin ya bayyana a cikin dukkan jaridu kamar yadda lamarin yake Rubutun Boston, kamar shi New York ko Bridgeport Herald. A cikin kowane kwafin waccan kwanan wata ana iya karanta cewa jirgin mafi tsayi da Whitehead An yi nasarar cimma sama da nisan mita 2.500 kuma tare da mafi girman tsayin kusan mita 60.
Yin wannan jirgi mai ƙarfi fiye da wanda ’yan’uwa suka samu kusan shekaru 2 bayan haka Wright. wannan mutum mai suna G Whitehead ya zo ne don yin aiki tare lilienthal wajen gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tare da masu tukin jirgin da shi da kansa ya zo aiwatar da shi a yankunan Berlin a cikin shekara 1889.
Domin shekara ta 1895 haka G Whitehead shi ne hali wanda ya gina nasa da 1st glider, da kuma na 1st don sanin cewa nan gaba za ta bi ta injin, daga baya aka gina a cikin yankunan. Pittsburgh wanda ke cikin na'urar tashi ta 1 da ta kare a cikin wani gini.
Ko da yake, za mu iya cewa wannan na'urar ta farko an yi ta ne shekara 1 kafin tashin farko a wannan yanki. Wanda aka yi amfani da injin fetur da wannan mutumin ya kera.
Irin wannan jirgin shi ne wanda ke da ajin rufaffiyar fuselage kuma haka yake da tafukan da ke taimaka masa wajen sauka; za a iya ninka fikafikan kuma yana da sarari don fasinja 1 kawai baya ga matsayin matukin jirgin. A cikin watan Janairu na shekara ta 1902, an yi wani jirgi mai nisan mil 7 a cikin samfurinsa na gaba, wanda ake kira Lamba 22.
Duk da haka, ’yan’uwa sun rufe dukan waɗannan ayyukan Wright a cikin 1903, kuma duk da cewa ga manyan masana da masana da yawa waɗannan mutane sun kasance farkon wanda ya fara yin jirgin sama mai sarrafa kansa, an ba da wannan girmamawa ga gaske. G Whitehead, wanda aka dawo da shi a cikin 1964.
Jirgin Farko na Wright Brothers
A ƙarshen karni na 2, an ƙara wasu muhimman mutane biyu a cikin wannan babban labarin zuwa waɗannan ra'ayoyin hauka marasa iyaka da kuma abubuwan farin ciki:
- Wilbur Wright (An haife shi a shekara ta 1867 kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1912).
- Orville Wright (An haife shi a shekara ta 1871 kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1948).
Wadanda akasari aka fi sani da shahararru Wright Brothers. Waɗannan ’yan’uwa 2 su ne waɗanda suka yi nasarar samun jirgi na 1 a cikin na’ura mai tashi a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1903. Bari mu ɗan ƙara sanin tarihinsu.
A shekara ta 1899 waɗannan ’yan’uwa sun zo harhada wata irin ƙaramar kyanwa wadda ke da siffar jirgin sama wanda kawai suke so su gwada ra’ayoyin da suka kawo. O. Lilienthal wanda ke nuni zuwa ga "murguda reshe”, wacce ta kasance tambaya ce mai sauki wacce ko kadan ba ta bayyana ba tun da yake, zai ba shi damar iya gyara matsin da ba a yi niyya ba da kuma iya kunna na’urar.
A cikin shekara ta 1900, sun fara da ginin 1st na 3 gliders kuma sun fara da fahimtar jirage masu tsayi da ƙananan tsayi. Wadannan sun yi nasarar isa ga bakin tekun yashi Kitty Hawk da kuma na Kill Iblis, dake cikin yankunan North Carolina, wurin da aka zaba a cikin fiye da maki 1.000 da ya mallaka Cibiyar nazarin yanayi na waɗannan lokatai ya yi nuni da su, domin wurare ne da suka fi ƙarfi da yawan iska.
Sun nemi gyara duk wannan kurakurai na wasu, a lokaci guda don samun damar samun ƙananan ra'ayi na yadda za a iya sarrafa waɗannan na'urori masu tashi, sun kuma gina wani ramin iska na kansu inda za a iya tabbatar da hali. Irin wannan ƙirƙira ta sami haƙƙin mallaka a cikin shekara ta 1902 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bincikensa.
Ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1903, a cikin yankunan Kitty Hawk, Yan'uwa Wright Sun gwada wani biplane mai suna mai tafiyan jirgin sama kimanin 2 helices. An yi amfani da injin konewa na ciki mai nauyin kilogiram 12 kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 90 wanda su da kansu suka gina kuma suka tsara. Tun a wancan lokacin injin mai ya kasance yana da nauyi sosai. Dan'uwa ne ya tuka jirgin Orville Wright wanda ya zama na farko a cikinsu da ya yi wani jirgin sama mai sarrafa kansa.
A wannan rana an yi jirage da yawa. Na 1 daga cikinsu ya kai tazarar kimanin mita 37 kuma ya kai kimanin dakika 12. Tuni don jirgin na 4, wanda ɗan'uwan ya yi Wilbur Wright, shi ne wanda ya yi nasarar tashi a nisan da ya kai kimanin mita 260 da kuma tsawon dakika 59 a cikin iska.
Koyaya, jirgin biplane na 1st wanda zai iya tashi da gaske shine flyer III, a cikin shekara ta 1905, kimanin shekaru 2 bayan an gudanar da jiragen gwaji na farko, wanda shine sakamakon da aka samu daga yunƙurin da aka yi tare da samfurin gliders na baya; Dangane da wannan samfurin jirgin, yana da halaye kamar haka:
- Tsawon mita 12.
- Injin da ya kai kimanin 16 hp wanda zai iya motsa nau'ikan tuki guda biyu.
- An cire shi ta hanyar dogo na kayan katako.
- Komai ya sauka godiya ga wani irin skis da nake da su.
Muna fatan wannan labarin da ya shafi tarihin jiragen sama zai taimaka muku sosai, don haka muna gayyatar ku ku ziyarci labarinmu game da jirgin. Tarihin Nau'in Rubutun.
jirgin farko na Alberto Santos-Dumont
Tun yana karami, mashahurin mai kirkiro da kuma injiniya mai suna Alberto Santos-Dumont, ya kasance mutum ne mai matukar sha'awar kowane nau'in injuna, musamman ga duk wanda ke tashi. Tare da mahaifinsa, wannan mutumin ya zo ne don kafa mazauninsa a yankunan Paris a cikin shekara ta 1891. Daidai a babban birnin Faransa shine inda ya gano babban duniyar jirgin sama ko jirgin sama.
Tun daga farko, yana yin jiragen sama a cikin fitaccen balloon a matsayin fasinja na yau da kullun. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya tashi daga fasinja zuwa yin nasa, ya sanya ma ta suna da sunan kasar haihuwarsa:
- Brasil cewa a cikin harshen Francia Brazil ce.
wannan mutum mai suna Alberto Santos-Dumont, shi ne kuma halin da ya zo ya haifar da nau'o'in nau'ikan nau'ikan jirgin sama, daga cikinsu akwai wadanda suka tashi da wasu nasarori. Wani abu da ya zo propitiate cewa ya zo a ji dadin wani shahararsa a cikin yankunan na Paris don haka lokaci guda.
Duk da haka, ba zai kasance ba sai ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1906, ya sami jirgin sama mai sarrafa kansa na farko a cikin jirgin da ake kira. 14-bis. Sarrafa don isa ko tashi tazarar kusan mita 221.
Na'urar tashi ta yi amfani da nau'in tsarin yaƙi iri ɗaya kamar samfurin jirgin sama na 'yan'uwa. Wright. Yanzu tare da cikakken samfurinsa, wanda shine 14-bisBa kamar samfurin na mai tafiyan jirgin sama na 'yan'uwa WrightWannan baya buƙatar amfani da dogo, ko iska don taimaka masa ko wani nau'in katafat don tashi.
Duk da faruwa a wani lokaci baya fiye da na 1st flights na haruffa kamar Whitehead da na 'yan'uwa Wright, yayin da aka samu gagarumin talla da kuma tasiri mai yawa a dukkan kafafen yada labarai na wancan lokacin, a cikin dogon lokaci an ce jirgin ya zama na farko a tarihin jiragen sama.
Canjin Jirgin Jiometry
Kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka ya kira Grumman Ya zama na farko da zai iya ƙirƙira a cikin 1, jirgin sama wanda kusurwar fuka-fukinsa idan aka kwatanta da fuselage zai iya tashi daga tsarin subsonic wanda aka sani da matsayin T zuwa yanayin da ake kira supersonic. , wanda ke game da delta. matsayi. An san wannan jirgin da sunan Grumman XF10 Jaguar, wanda kusan kwafi 2 ne kawai aka gina.
Wannan na'ura, da ake kira variable geometry, an ƙirƙira shi ne domin duk jiragen da suke ajin na sama zasu iya cimma wani nau'i na ɗan gajeren tashi. Bugu da kari, da za a yi amfani da su a aikin soja, wanda kuma zai ba da damar masu tayar da bama-bamai da ke wannan ajin su iya tashi sama da kasa mai saukin farashi ko amfani da mai.
Matsalolin geometry, wanda ɗimbin ɗimbin injinan jirgin sama suka yi nazarinsa a cikin ƙarni na 4 bayan ƙaddamar da shi, a hankali ya rasa sha'awa. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ƙarin ƙwarewar jiragen sama. A karshen shekarun 80 akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu guda uku ne kawai, daga cikinsu akwai:
- Mig 23 jirgin saman Soviet.
- Black Jack Strategic Bomber kuma jirgin Soviet ne.
- Bam na Arewacin Amurka Dabarun Bomber B1 wanda akwai makoma mara tabbas.
Muna fatan wannan labarin na tarihin jiragen sama yana da amfani sosai a gare ku, don haka muna gayyatar ku da ku ziyarci labarinmu game da jirgin. Tarihin Injin dinki.
Tarihin Jirgin Sama ko Jirgin Sama
A watan Janairu na shekara ta 1914 ne za a ɗaga zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a yankunan ƙasar Amurka ta Amurka, babban kwanan wata a cikin abin da 1st na yau da kullum Lines na kasuwanci amfani tsakanin yankunan na Petersburg, Florida da kuma Tampa wanda ake kira "Seaplane".
Tuni kimanin shekaru 4 bayan haka, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na karbar fasinjoji da jigilar wasiku, har ma a yankunan. Turai. Inda manyan jiragen yaki suka shiga layi, daga cikinsu akwai wasu da mutane da dama ke kiransu da "bas masu fukafukai".
Jiragen sama sun zo ne domin hada abin da ake safarar wasiku da fasinja, abu ne mai matukar ban sha’awa domin fasinja da jakunkunan wasiku sun zo ne na rukunin rukuni, gwargwadon yadda suka karkasa su.
Haka aka nuna a farkonsa da abin da ake kira Yankin Jirgin Sama dake cikin birnin Los Angeles, inda fasinjojin ke daukar jakunkunan a kan gwiwowinsu ko ma sun rataye a jikinsu; don haka suka yanke cewa nauyin fasinja daya ya kai kusan haruffa dubu biyar.
A cikin yankuna na Turai, tsakanin watan Maris da watan Agusta na shekara ta 1919, sanya hannu Farman de Francia ya zo kaddamar da babbar hanya tsakanin yankunan na Paris kuma daga Brussels, wanda shine farkon tsawaita sabis na fasinja na ƙasa da ƙasa bayan haka.
A cikin yankuna na Ingila, musamman a cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekara ta 1919, kamfanoni da yawa daga wannan ƙasa sun haɗa manyan biranen ƙasashe daban-daban ta hanyar hanya ko jirgin sama. Ba tare da shakka ba, nau'in hanyoyin sufuri wanda ya zama mafi sauri fiye da jirgin.
Cin yankunan da Atlántico Bayan wani lokaci, an gudanar da shi a lokacin da aka yi jirgin na farko na transatlantic a cikin shekara ta 1 ta hanyar wani jirgin ruwa mai suna daga Arewacin Amirka. Curtiss wanda ya yi tasha a tsibiran Azores. Daga baya, lokacin da ba a gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ba, an yi tafiya ta hanyar wani jirgin sama, amma na Ingilishi.
A cikin shekara ta 1926, jirgin ruwa ya kira Plus-Ultra, wanda ke karkashin kwamandan mai suna Ramon Franco, shi ne jirgin da ya isa yankunan Buenos Aires gudanar da karya tarihin duniya ta fuskar gudu da nisan dukkan jirage a duniya.
A shekara ta 1927, lokacin da har yanzu ba a fara rarraba rediyo a cikin jiragen sama ba, wani mutum mai suna Charles Lindbergh, ya yi jirgin na yankuna na Nueva York har ya kai Paris a cikin jirginsa monoplane da kuma samfurin injin guda ɗaya da ake kira Ryan, kodayake kowa ya san shi a matsayin ruhun saint louis.
Wannan jirgi na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin kilomita 1, ya dauki kimanin sa'o'i 5780 da mintuna 33 don yin tazara a matsakaicin gudun kilomita 32 a cikin sa'a. Wannan aikin shine ya haifar da wani ɗan ƙaramin tasiri a cikin duniya wanda a shekara ta 172, zai haifar da harba mutumin zuwa wata. Muna fatan wannan labarin na Tarihin Jirage yana da sha'awar ku, don haka muna gayyatar ku don ziyartar labarinmu kan Tarihin Blender.
Yakin Duniya
A lokacin tsayin halitta da gwaji a ko'ina cikin duniyar jiragen sama, an gane wasu lokuta kamar yadda lamarin yake "Belle Epoque a Turai”, baya ga ci gaban fasaha da aka sani kullum da kuma hanyoyin sufuri sun zama tauraro na dukkan nune-nunen nune-nunen da aka gudanar a cikin tsohuwar nahiyar saboda karfin hada manyan tazara a cikin kankanin lokaci.
A cikin wannan lokaci ne aka kira wa'adi na 1 na jirgin ruwa da wani mutum ya yi Glen Curtiss a cikin shekara ta 1911, an kira wani "Babban”, wanda wani samfuri ne wanda wani abin da ake kira ya ɓullo da shi Igor Sikorsky a cikin shekara ta 1912 kuma ita ce samfurin injina na farko na shekara ta 1.
Bakin duhun da ya kasance a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, shi ne abin da ya bar wani irin yanayi mara kyau ga yankunan Turai, Duk da haka, akwai wata babbar makoma ga abin da jirgin yake, saboda 'yan kariyarsa sun yi gwajin gwaji a lokacin fadan da suka ce motoci sun yi la'akari da cewa sun kasance mafi girma na gaske kuma suna iya ba da damar sojojin su wuce layin abokan gaba, suna amfani da su. dabarun leken asiri na dukkan tsarinsu.
Kazalika daukar hotuna na gine-gine da kuma wanda tuni ya kawo karshen yakin, za su iya fuskantar kasa da kananan bama-bamai ko ma, cewa za su iya yakar wasu jiragen da bindigogin hannu. Don fahimtar girman haɓakar jiragen sama a lokacin wannan yaƙin, ana iya cewa a lokacin da aka fara, na'urori na farko tare da manyan runduna sun sami damar isa gudun kilomita 100 / h.
Tare da ajin mika wuya na sojojin tsakiya wanda ya ƙare a cikin shekara ta 1918, jirage na iya riga sun iya yin gudun kusa da 230 km / h kuma suna ƙidaya dabarun jirgin da ya karu har ya ci gaba da yin aiki a yau. .a mafi yawancin makarantun gwajin gwagwarmaya.
Kasancewar Jirgin Sama Na Zamani Da Gaba
Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya zo ne don barin kyakkyawan sakamako ga zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da kuma haɓaka jiragen sama na zamani. Jiragen kasuwanci sun zama hanyoyin sufuri mafi aminci saboda ƙarancin hatsarorinsu dangane da masu fafatawa kai tsaye kamar, misali:
- Jiragen ruwa
- Motocin Kasa
Tunda dai jiragen Jet sune suka zo suka maye gurbin farfesa da kuma cewa kowane nau'in abubuwa na iya jigilar su ta iska ta kowane milyoyin kamfanoni da ke cikin duniyar wasikun da ke amfani da wannan nau'in tsarin sufuri, kamar yadda. suna cikin mafi inganci da inganci a duniya.
A halin yanzu, kamar yadda ake iya gani a rubuce-rubucen da FIDAE ta rubuta inda abokan aiki daban-daban suka bayyana cewa jiragen sama na zamani suna da fasahar zamani. Baya ga wasu na'urorin da ke da 100% bisa na'urorin lantarki, kyakkyawan tsarin sarrafa jirgin sama, sadarwar tauraron dan adam har ma da babban ƙarfin da za a iya yin amfani da kowane nau'i na kananan jiragen sama yayin da suke cikin iska. Wannan shine mahimman bayanai a cikin tarihin jirgin sama.
Menene Jirgin sama?
Jirgin da aka fi sani da "Airplane", shi ne wanda ya kunshi wani nau'in aerodyne mai dauke da fuka-fuki da kuma wurin daukar kaya, wanda zai iya zama mai iya tashi da rabi. sha'awar 1 ko ma na motoci da yawa. Jirgin ya zo ya haɗa da abin da ake kira:
- jirage masu saukar ungulu
- jiragen biyu
- triplanes
Jirgin sama ko jirage da babu injina ana kiransu da gliders ko kuma ana kiransu sailboats a wurare da yawa, kuma ana amfani da su tun farkon aikin sufurin jiragen sama, don abin da ake kira zirga-zirgar jiragen sama har ma da abin da ya kasance shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. na dakaru masu yawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cewar wa'adin da hukumar ta bayar AERO, nau'i ne na:
"Aerodyne wanda yawanci ke motsa shi ta hanyar injin, wanda ke da hawansa a cikin jirgin, musamman saboda yanayin iska da ake yi a kowane lokaci akan wuraren da za su iya kasancewa a cikin wasu yanayi na jirgin.";
Ana iya rarraba su ta hanyar ajin amfani, kamar:
- Jirgin farar hula: Wanda zai iya zama sufurin kaya da na fasinja, haka nan kuma za a iya amfani da wadannan jiragen wajen horar da ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya, da kuma duk wadanda ke yaki da gobara, ciki har da na mutane masu zaman kansu, da dai sauransu.
- Jirgin Soja: Wadannan da gaske ne na kaya, don samun damar motsa sojoji, ga mayaka, a dauke su a matsayin masu tayar da bama-bamai, wasu na leken asiri ne ko kuma a matsayin masu leken asiri, ciki har da mai a tsakiyar jirgin, da dai sauransu.
Hakanan ana iya rarraba su gwargwadon aikin injin wutar lantarki, misali:
- Injin Piston Ke Yi Jirgin Sama.
- Jiragen da Jet Engines ke Ƙarfafawa, wanda aka sani da turbojets, turbojets masu kwarara tagwaye, turboprops, da dai sauransu.
- Jiragen da ke Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa ana kiran su Rockets.
Ka'idar aiki na waɗannan jiragen sama ta dogara ne akan ƙarfin iska wanda ke haifar da fuka-fuki, a cikin sama, wanda aka sani da ɗagawa. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar bambance-bambancen matsa lamba tsakanin babba da ƙananan sassa na reshe, wanda ya haifar da siffar siffar fuka-fuki. Wannan wani muhimmin bangare ne na tarihin jirgin sama. Muna fatan wannan labarin na tarihin jiragen sama yana da amfani sosai a gare ku, don haka muna gayyatar ku da ku ziyarci labarinmu game da jirgin. Tarihin injin wanki.
Jiragen Sama Goma Ba a sani ba
A halin yanzu da ake iya ganin manya-manyan nau'ikan jiragen sama, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance A380 ko na halin yanzu - B787, Yana da gaske tsada wani abu don iya tunawa cewa tarihin jiragen sama yana da kusan shekaru 120 kawai. A cikin abin da ya kasance tarihin jirgin sama, nau'ikan samfuran sun zo don wucewa waɗanda suka sami damar wuce juyin halitta, kamar yadda yake yanayin Boeing 747kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun A320 y B737, har ma da jirgin saman 'yan'uwa Wright.
Duk da haka, akwai kuma wasu nau'ikan jiragen da mutane a halin yanzu ba su sani ba ko kuma ba su yi la'akari da su ba, kuma sun zama mahimmanci a tarihin jiragen sama. An taƙaita adadi mai yawa daga cikinsu a cikin littafin Maɗaukaki matt falcus mai taken "Jigogi 50 da suka Canza Hanyar tashi", editan ne ya buga shi Jaridar Tarihi. Daga cikinsu muna da zaɓin jiragen sama kusan 10 waɗanda ba a san sunansu ba.
Benoist Nau'in XIV (1913)
Wanda ya kera mota ɗaya ne ya zo ya ƙirƙiro samfurin Benoist Nau'in XIV A cikin shekara ta 1913 kuma tare da abokin tarayya, su ne mutanen da suka inganta jirgin kasuwanci na farko a tarihin jiragen sama. Wannan jirgin yana da nisa daga St. Petersburg har zuwa Tampa, a yankunan jihar na Florida, wadannan suna a nisan kusan kilomita 30.
Fokker VII (1925)
Wannan samfurin jirgin sama shine wanda aka kirkira ta Anthony Foker, wanda shi ne mutumin da ya sanya wasu karin injuna kusan 2 a daya daga cikin sabbin na’urorin jirginsa, wanda ya kai ga fara wani jirgin da zai iya jigilar mutane sama da 12 a cikin yanayin da ya fi musu dadi fiye da sauran. jirgin sama.
Dornier DO X (1929)
Ga mutane da yawa, wannan samfurin jirgin ya kasance gazawar kasuwanci saboda sun kwashe kusan jirage 3 daga kasuwa. Dornier DO X. Wannan kamfani ne ya kera shi Alemania kira Dornier Masana'antar jirgin sama da kuma cewa yana buƙatar kusan motoci 6 don samun damar ɗaukar nauyin tsarin da yake da shi.
Junkers JU 52 (1931)
Kamfanin na Alemania ya dauki nauyin gina ginin YU 52 tare da tarkacen karfe wanda ya zama sananne sosai ga Junkers. Iyakar abin da suke da shi don jigilar mutane da kuma amfani da sojoji, shi ne ya inganta wannan samfurin a cikin sojojin sama na. Alemania. Tuni lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu ya kare, kamfanonin jiragen sama daban-daban sun karbe shi, misali:
- Air France na Francia.
- Aero O/Y, jirgin sama daga Finland.
- AB Aerotransport Suecia kuma daga Iberia.
Douglas DC-2 (1933)
Misali DC-3, bayan rayuwarta a matsayin daya daga cikin jigilar sojoji, ta ci gaba da samun nasarar sauyi sosai zuwa jirgin sama na kasuwanci. Duk da haka, cancantar abin da ya dace da shi don iya jigilar mutane da kuma zama masu amfani da kasuwanci don jigilar kayayyaki ya zo ga samfurin da ya gabata wanda aka sani da shi. DC-2, wanda shi ne jirgin da ya share fagen samun nasara ga kamfanin McDonnell Douglas, wanda ke da alhakin samar da nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban masu girma a tsakanin wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama.
Short Empire S 23 (1936)
Samfurin mai suna Short Empire ya zama jirgin ruwa na teku, ko kuma a ce yana da wani nau'i na jirgin ruwa, yana da matakin jin daɗi a ciki wanda ake ɗauka daga otal ko ma jirgin ruwa mai wucewa, yana iya jigilar fasinjoji kusan 30 kuma suna akwai don amfani da su:
- 1 katon falo
- Fitattun dakunan wanka ga kowane Jima'i.
- Dakuna masu gadaje ko gadaje masu tudu
- Kujerun da ke da kyakkyawar tazara mai kyau tsakanin juna.
Caravelle ta Kudu (1955)
Daga baya ga shekara ta 1955, zuwan jiragen sama da suka hada da injunan jet, wanda aka yi da abin da ake kira. Havilland Comet kuma ma ta Boeing 707, duk da haka, wanda ya kasance babban jarumi shi ne Caravelle ta Kudu Aviation na yankunan Francia. Wannan shi ne jirgin na 1 a duk tarihin jirgin da ya samu injina a baya kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin jirgi na 1 na zamani a duk tarihin jirage.
Hawker Sideley Trident (1957)
Tuni a shekara ta 1957, tun kafin Boeing zai zo ya girgiza dukan kasuwa tare da babban nasara samfurin B727, samfurin da ake kira Trident Ita ce majagaba wajen sarrafa amfani da injin turbin guda 3 a baya kuma tana da wutsiya mai siffar "T". wannan samfurin jirgin sama trident, shi ne na 1 don samun nau'in Tsarin Saukowa Ta atomatik.
De Havilland Kanada DHC - 6 Twin Otter (1965)
Domin shekara ta 1965, samfurin ya fito daga yankuna na Kasar Havilland Canada da ake kira DHC-6 Twin Otter, shi ne jirgin da aka dauke shi a matsayin mafi nasara shirin Canada. An yi amfani da shi kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin abin da ake jigilar mutane don duk waɗannan hanyoyin zuwa wurare masu nisa, kamar yadda ake amfani da kayan aiki da kayan aiki kuma ana amfani da su don horar da sojojin.
Tupolev TU-144 (1968)
samfurin jirgin sama Tupolev TU-144, shine wanda mutane da yawa suka sani a matsayin concorde na Rasha, wani abin koyi ne da ya fito a cikin shekarar 1968, duk da haka, mutane kaɗan ne suka san hakan. Rusia Ya zo da wani jirgin sama mai girman gaske wanda ya yi tafiyar kimanin watanni 2 kafin samfurin da kansa ya kera shi. British Airways kuma don Air France.
Misali TU-144 Ya fi girma, yana da karfin daukar fasinjoji 140 sabanin Concorde mai daukar mutane 120, har ma ta zarce ta wajen nauyi da sauri. Ko da yake, ba ta yi hakan ba ta fuskar cin gashin kanta da kewayo, saboda yawan man da take amfani da shi na manyan injinan ta guda 4. Kolesov RD-36-51 turbojet wanda baya ga duka injiniyoyi ne masu hayaniya ta hanya mai girma. Duk waɗannan wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan jirgin ne waɗanda ke cikin Tarihin Jirgin sama.
Muna fatan cewa wannan labarin kan Tarihin Jirgin sama ya taimaka muku sosai da kuma sha'awar ku, inda kuka sami damar ƙarin koyo game da irin wannan nau'in jigilar jirgin.