Ikhwalithi kumaphrojekthi womthombo ovulekile: amasignali, ubungozi namathuluzi

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Isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile manje isiwumgogodla wobuningi bobuchwepheshe esibusebenzisa nsuku zonke, nokho ingxoxo mayelana nayo izinga langempela kanye nokusimama Isavuliwe. Kunamaphrojekthi ahlakaniphile, anemiphakathi ekhuthele kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile, futhi kukhona nezinhlelo ezihlulekayo, ezibanga umsindo, futhi zenze kube nzima ukuhlukanisa ukolweni namakhoba.

Ngale kwe-mystique yokuthi "yonke into imahhala futhi iyasebenzisana", ikhwalithi kumaphrojekthi womthombo ovulekile idinga indlela ecacile, imikhuba emihle kanye ne-pragmatismUma uphatha umkhiqizo, Uhola ithimba lezobuchwepheshe Ukuthi unikela okokuqala noma cha, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenza iphrojekthi ithembeke, ihlolwa kanjani ukuphepha kwayo, yimaphi amathuluzi aphakamisa ibha ye-QA, nokuthi yiziphi izingibe ezivimbela ukulethwa kwevelu.

Isho ukuthini ikhwalithi kumaphrojekthi womthombo ovulekile?

Uma sikhuluma ngekhwalithi, asikhulumi ngokuphelela, kodwa mayelana nokuhlanganisa imikhuba evimbela izinkinga futhi bakhuphula umkhiqizo kusukela ngosuku lokuqala. Ikhwalithi "ayibambekile" ekugcineni: yakhelwe kunqubo kanye nesiko lephrojekthi.

• Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo okusebenza njengenethi yokuphepha; isisekelo sokuhlola esinengqondo sivumela i-refactor ngokuzethemba futhi wehlise ukuhlehla.

• Ukuhlaziya okuqinile (isb., i-SonarQube) ukuze kutholwe ubungozi, iphunga elibi, kanye isikweletu sobuchwepheshe esinomthelela kumkhiqizo

• Izakhiwo ezifanele umongo, hhayi usayizi oweqile, ovuna i- ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphandle kobunzima okungenasidingo.

• Umsebenzi wokusebenzisana (ukuhlelwa kwepheya/kwesixuku) wezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukufushanisa ijika lokufunda weqembu.

• Ukuphinda kwenziwe kabusha ukuze kugcinwe ikhodi ihlanzekile futhi iguquguquka, kugwema umphumela we-snowball.

• Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola ngaphambi kokukhishwa ukuze kutholwe izingozi ezingakhaviwe yi- ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo.

• Ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo nokuthunyelwa ukuze kuncishiswe iphutha lomuntu nokusheshisa isikhathi ukuya emakethe.

• Amathuluzi nokubonwa (amamethrikhi, ukulandelelwa, amalogi) ukuze ufunde kubasebenzisi kanye ngcono ukusebenza.

Le sethi yezinqubo ayilibazisi, ngokuphambene nalokho: imvamisa iyisisusa se-a ukulethwa okulindelweyo nokusimeme ngezimanga ezimbalwa kanye nezindleko ezifihliwe.

Kungani amanye amaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile amile

Ukukhuphuka komthombo ovulekile kuletha izinhlelo "zombukiso", namakhosombe omphakathi kodwa ukuzinikela okuncaneAmadokhumenti angenamandla, izinkinga ezingalawulwa, ukukhishwa okushodayo, noma imigomo engacacile. Lawa "maphrojekthi we-slop" aqeda ukwethenjwa futhi aqeda amandla abasebenzisi nabanikeli.

Imiphumela izwakala ngokushesha: umphakathi uhlushwa ukukhathala, amaqembu nabasunguli bachitha isikhathi behlola izinketho ezingavuthwa, futhi amaphrojekthi abalulekile ahlala engabonakali Ngale komsindo. Ikhwalithi ayizikhetheli: yisihlungi esivikela i-ecosystem.

Ukugcinwa kwesango: izindinganiso zokulinganisa kanye nokuba khona

Kweminye imiphakathi, impikiswano mayelana nokugcinwa kwesango iyavela: ukubeka izihlungi endaweni noma okudingayo amazinga omnikeloUma isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, ivikela ubuqotho, ukwethembeka, nokuhloniphana; uma ithathwa ngokweqisa, iba i-elitist, i-exclusionary, futhi ibulala ukuhlukahluka.

Okubalulekile ukusungula izidingo ezicacile zokubamba iqhaza (izivivinyo, isitayela, ukubuyekezwa, ikhodi yokuziphatha) futhi uzihlanganise nazo friendly onboarding kanye nemibhalo lokho kuhlanganisa nalabo abaqalayo. Izinga kufanele likhuphule izinga ngaphandle kokuba isithiyo somphakathi.

Izimpawu ezihlukanisa iphrojekthi enhle ye-FOSS

Kunezinkomba zenhloso ezikuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi iphrojekthi ikufanele ukwethenjwa kanye nesikhathi sakho: obala, izinqubo kanye nomphakathi.

• Ukungafihli kwezimiso zokuziphatha: amalayisense acacile, ukubusa okubonakalayo kwephrojekthi kanye nemithetho yokusebenzisana, ne ukuhlonipha abantu.

• Amadokhumenti nokugibela: imihlahlandlela yokufaka, i-CONNTRIBUTING.md, izibonelo nama-FAQs lawo Banciphisa ukungqubuzana wezinyathelo zokuqala.

• Ukuxhumana kanye nempendulo: ingxoxo evulekile, iphimbo elakhayo, nokubamba iqhaza ngale kwalokho isikhundla esiphezulu noma udumo.

• Ukuzibophezela okusimeme: ukukhishwa okuvamile, ukugcinwa kokuncika, nezimpawu ze ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ngababhali bayo.

Ukubona abafuyi "bedla ukudla kwenja yabo" (dogfooding) kuyinkomba enamandla: uma bekusebenzisa, yinakekele, futhi bagcina njengokubalulekile.

Indlela yokuhlola ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwephrojekthi

Ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe iphrojekthi ifaneleka kahle futhi iphephile, kuyasiza ukubheka umongo wokwamukela, umsebenzi, kanye ikhwalithi yokusebenza kusuka ku-repo.

• Ubani oyisebenzisayo: inombolo nohlobo lwabasebenzisi, ukuba khona ekusakazweni kwe-Linux noma amakhosombe asemthethweni, nezimpawu ze ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle.

• Ubani oyigcinayo: abanikeli abaningi abasebenzayo, ukuvuleka kubanikeli abasha kanye iziteshi zomphakathi (ingxoxo, izinkundla) bukhoma.

• Isebenza kanjani: izibophezelo zakamuva, izindaba ezidingidwe, izinguquko ezicacile, kanye izinguqulo ezishicilelwe onyakeni odlule.

• Ingabe lokho kunengqondo?: imibhalo ethembekile, umhlahlandlela wezinyathelo zokuqala, kanye ilayisensi echazwe kahle.

• Ukuhambisana: izilimi, izinhlaka, namalayisense ahambisana nesitaki sakho kanye ne imodeli yakho yokusabalalisa.

Umthetho ojwayelekile: ukuphepha kuphathwa nsuku zonke. Iphrojekthi esebenzayo ivamise ukuvala izinkinga ngokushesha nangcono; olahliwe uqongelela izinkinga. ukuncika okuphelelwe yisikhathi kanye nama-vectors engozini.

Izinzuzo zebhizinisi zomthombo ovulekile

Izizathu zokuthi kungani izinkampani nohulumeni betshala imali emithonjeni evulekile zedlula kakhulu izindleko. Inani lilele kukho ikhwalithi ehlangene nokuvumelana nezimo.

• Ikhwalithi: Ukubuyekezwa okuvulekile kuvumela ukutholwa okusheshayo nokulungiswa kwamaphutha, okwandisa ukuzinza kwesistimu.

• Izici: Izixazululo ezikhulile zincintisana ngokubheka ezinye izindlela zokuphathelene, ezihlanganisa umsebenzi ophelele.

• Ukuphepha nokungafihli lutho: ikhodi ebonakalayo iyahlolwa, ifakwe nezichibiyelo ngesikhathi, futhi iyakhiqizwa ukwethenjwa okuqinisekisiwe.

• Ijubane lokuqamba izinto ezintsha: lakhela phezu kwesisekelo esikhona, ligwema ukusuka ekuqaleni kanye imijikelezo yokunciphisa.

• I-Scalability: ivela kanye nezidingo zakho futhi ikhuthaza ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo nokuqhubekayo ukusebenza kanye nezici.

• Ukwenza ngokwezifiso: ukufinyelela kukhodi ukuze uvumelane nokugeleza futhi udale izixazululo ezihambisanayo Bashayela ukusebenza kahle.

• Ukusebenzisana: ngisho nabaqhudelana nabo babambisana, babelane ngezindleko, futhi basheshise isikhathi-kuya-value.

• Amazinga: ukukhiya komthengisi okuncane kanye nokusebenzisana okwengeziwe sibonga Izivumelwano ezivulekile.

• Ukuqamba okusha: namuhla umthombo ovulekile usetha izitayela kumafu, idatha, i-IoT noma ukungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona.

• Izindleko: Ukulawulwa okungcono kwe-TCO, izivivinyo ngaphandle kokuphuma phambili kanye imodeli yezezimali eguquguqukayo.

Okubalulekile: Umthombo ovulekile awusho "mahhala". Kusho ukuthi ikhodi iyafinyeleleka; imodeli yebhizinisi ingase ibe ku isevisi, ukusekela noma amalayisense amabili.

Ukusimama, inhlekelele ye-commons, nama-bots asizayo

I-OSS isekela ingqalasizinda ebucayi, kodwa ihlushwa “inhlekelele yezinto ezivamile”: abantu abaningi bayayisebenzisa, kodwa bambalwa abazuzayo kuyo. iminikelo noma izimaliLokhu kubeka ingcindezi ekuqineni nasekuqhubekeni kwamaphrojekthi abalulekile.

Omunye umugqa osafufusa umsebenzi ukusetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-bot ahlakaniphile Okokugcina kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi: kusukela ekwamukeleni abasanda kuhlanganyela kuya ekuqinisekiseni amafomu okunikela, ukuphasisa amasheke wesitayela nokuphepha noma sisebenzise ikhodi yokuziphatha.

Amamodeli okufunda omshini aqeqeshwe kudatha yomlando angaphakamisa ukuthi ubani obuyekeza lokho, abeke kuqala izinkinga, athole izimpinda, noma aphakamise amapeshi. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa futhi ngokuchaza izilimi zokucushwa zama-bots. amaphethini wokuziphatha nokucula phakathi kwabo.

Umgomo osebenzayo: ukuthi umphakathi ugxile ezintweni zokudala neziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho ama-bots ekhipha imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo futhi agcine iphrojekthi. isesimweni esihle sokusebenza.

Ungaqala kanjani ukufaka isandla onyaweni lwesokudla

Ukuba negalelo kumthombo ovulekile kuyindlela enhle yokufunda, ukuthola ukubonakala, kanye ukuba nomthelela wangempelaQala ngamaphrojekthi owasebenzisayo noma akukhuthazayo.

• Hlola iphrojekthi kanye nomhlahlandlela wayo wokunikela (CONTRIBUTING.md). Qonda okulindelekile, ukuhamba komsebenzi, kanye isitayela sekhodi.

• Bamba iqhaza eziteshini zomphakathi (Slack, Discord, izinkundla). Buza imibuzo futhi unikeze usizo. usizo ngezinkinga ezithengekayo.

• Khetha umsebenzi wokuqala, ochazwe kancane: thuthukisa amadokhumenti, lungisa iphutha elincane, noma engeza a ukuhlolwa okungekho.

• Thumela i-PR yakho ulandela imihlahlandlela. Cacisa encazelweni futhi uvulele impendulo. impendulo eyakhayo.

• Gcina ukukhulumisana nokungaguquguquki: iminikelo emincane, evamile yengeza ngaphezu kwalokho amagalelo amaqhawe.

Amathuluzi anconyiwe: I-GitHub noma i-GitLab yamakhosombe, i-CI (Jenkins, GitHub Actions, Travis CI, CircleCI), abahleli njenge-VS Code, izicelo zokuphatha amaphrojekthi y iziteshi zezingxoxo zomphakathi ukuxhumanisa nawe.

I-Pragmatism ngokumelene ne-dogmatism: lapho "ikhwalithi ephezulu" ivimba

Ezinye izinqumo zethulwa "njengekhwalithi" kodwa empeleni zehlisa ijubane ukulethwa futhi kwenyuse izindleko zokuthuthukisa. Isixazululo... umongo nomqondo ophusile.

• Izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-MVP encane: ama-microservices ngokuzenzakalelayo, izinqolobane eziyisikhombisa, i-Kubernetes ngaphandle kwesidingo noma ulwazi olwanele.

• Ukutshala amaviki "epayipini elihle" ngaphandle kokunikeza inani kumsebenzisi noma finyeza imijikelezo yangempela.

• Ukudizayina kabusha i-architecture izikhathi ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhishwa kokuqala noma ukubeka i-TDD ethuthukisiwe ngaphandle kweqembu ingcweti inqubo.

• Amabhodlela e-Asynchronous PR lapho ukumatanisa kuzosebenza kangcono vula ngokushesha.

• Ukukopisha izinqubo ezivela ku-Netflix noma i-GitHub ngaphandle kokucabangela isikali kanye ne ingqikithi yakhe.

• Ubunjiniyela obudlulele: I-OAuth ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa, i-JWT eyinkimbinkimbi lapho amakhukhi anele khona, imigqa/imicimbi ene imiqulu yangempela embalwaukusungula kabusha isondo noma ukukhetha ulimi olungalungile.

Ngemuva kwalokhu kuchezuka kuvame ukuba nezinhloso ezinhle, ukungahambisani kahle nebhizinisi, ukuntula ulwazi oluqondisiwe, noma ama-egos afuna ukubukisa"Ubuciko besofthiwe" bumelela ikhwalithi enobuchwepheshe kanye ne-pragmatism, hhayi inkolelo-mbono.

I-QA namathuluzi okukhulisa ibha yekhwalithi

Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi akulona uhlelo lwesofthiwe olulodwa; iyi-ecosystem yemikhuba namathuluzi ahlanganiswe ku umjikelezo wentuthuko.

Ukuphathwa kokuhlolwa

Okokuhlela, ukwenza imephu, nokubika: I-TestLink (umthombo ovulekile), I-Zephyr y Xray (ama-plugins weJira), Izinhlelo Zokuhlola ze-Azure DevOps y qTest ukuhlaziya nokuhlela okushesha.

Okuzenzakalelayo okusebenzayo

Okwe-UI nama-API: Cypress (Ukuhlolwa kwe-E2E ngokuthwebula nevidiyo), I-Selenium/WebDriver (ivumelana nezimo futhi inwetshiwe), I-karate (I-Gherkin ye-API ne-UI), Qiniseka (Ama-API ku-Java), I-Katalon (ikhodi ephansi/cha/egcwele ene-AI) kanye ITosca (ayinakhodi egxile ebhizinisini).

Ukusebenza nokulayisha

Ngokuphendula kanye nengcindezi: I-JMeter, Ukujaha, I-LoadRunner, I-NeoLoad y Ukulayisha Kwewebhu, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhlolweni okuphezulu kuye izimo eziqhubekayo.

Ama-API

Postman ukuklama nokwabelana ngamaqoqo; I-Swagger/OpenAPI ukwenza imibhalo kanye nokuhlekisa; InsiphoUI okwe-REST, SOAP kanye ne-GraphQL enama-suites ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene.

Compatibilidad entre navegadores

Lambda Test ukusebenzisa ama-suites ezinkulungwaneni zeziphequluli namasistimu okusebenza ngawo Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-CI/CD namathuluzi ezinkampani zangaphandle.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zedeskithophu ne-SaaS

Ukuhlolwa kobuqotho bedatha kanye ne-automation kuma-suites ebhizinisi njenge UFT One noma izixazululo ezithile ze-Salesforce kanye izindawo ezixubile.

Ukuhlolwa kweselula

I-Appium okwe-Android/iOS, Testim Mobile (ikhodi ephansi), I-Sauce Labs efwini, espresso ye-Android ne I-XCTest ye-iOS, isembozo amadivaysi angempela nalingiswayo.

Ukuphepha

I-SonarQube ngekhwalithi nokuba sengozini ngezilimi eziningi, ukuhlanganisa amasheke esango emapayipini.

Ingqalasizinda kanye ne-CI/CD

I-Terraform ye-IaC enamafu amaningi, Docker okwezitsha, Jenkins ye-orchestration kanye Ansible ku-automation ye Imisebenzi ye-IT.

Ukuqaphela nokuqapha

I-splunk, dynaTrace, I-AppDynamics, UGrafana y Kibana ngokubonakala ekupheleni kuya ekupheleni, amamethrikhi, ukulandelelwa kanye ukuhlaziya log ezindaweni ezixubile.

Ukusimama kanye namamodeli okwenza imali ku-OSS

Kunezindlela ezisemthethweni zokusekela ngokwezimali amaphrojekthi avuliwe: ukunikeza ukwesekwa nezibuyekezo ngama-SLA, ukuthola iminikelo yomphakathinoma imodeli embaxambili (amalayisensi amaphakathi/kabili) uma ilingana ngokomthetho nangokokuziphatha.

Kungase futhi kube khona ukutholwa noma uxhaso ngabantu besithathu lapho iphrojekthi ibonisa ukusebenza kanye nenani; ukhiye wukuthi amalayisensi kanye nokubusa vikela umphakathi kanye nenhloso yezobuchwepheshe.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi aphambili

MySQL Yandisa imodeli evulekile enezinketho zokuhweba, ivumela amaphrojekthi amakhulu; Linux Isuke ku-kernel "yokufunda" kuya kumaseva asekelayo, amaselula namadivayisi; I-Mozilla Firefox ukuzulazula okuchazwe kabusha ngokugxila kukho ukusebenza kanye nobumfihloLezi yizenzakalo ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi i-OSS "ayikho "ngemuva": ngokuvamile ihola indlela.

Amaphrojekthi onganikela kuwo

Uma ungathanda ukuqalisa, ungabheka I-TensorFlow (ukufunda ngomshini nomphakathi omkhulu), Apache Tomcat (Ubuchwepheshe be-Java bewebhu) noma ENATEGA (Inkundla yokulethwa enezinhlelo zokusebenza, i-GPS, izinkokhelo, nokusekelwa ngezilimi eziningi). Lezi yizikhala ezine amathuba ahlukahlukene ngokusekelwe kuphrofayela yakho.

Lapho ukhetha, cabangela ukuhambisana kwesitaki, umsebenzi wakamuva, nokuthi uhambisana kahle kangakanani nezintshisekelo zakho: ugqozi kanye imvamisa yokunikela Yizona ezizokwenza ukhule.

Ikhwalithi kumthombo ovulekile imayelana nabantu, izinqubo, nenjongo. Kudinga amazinga acacile, abandakanyayo, isiko lempendulo eyakhayo, kanye nesimiso semvelo samathuluzi... yenza kube lula ukwenza izinto ngendlela efaneleUma lokho kuhambisana nezidingo zangempela kanye nendlela esebenzayo, amaphrojekthi ayachuma, imiphakathi iyaqiniswa, futhi izinhlangano zithola isoftware evikelekile, ewusizo, futhi esimeme ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.