Isifundo esiphelele sehadiwe yekhompyutha ephathekayo kanye nokulungiswa okuyisisekelo

Abalandeli Abakwe-Inthanethi » Amanethiwekhi omphakathi » Isifundo esiphelele sehadiwe yekhompyutha ephathekayo kanye nokulungiswa okuyisisekelo

I-Las Ama-laptop asephenduke isizinda sempilo yethu yedijithaliSisebenza, sitadisha, sidlala, futhi sixhumana ngazo njalo. Ngenxa yalokhu kusetshenziswa kakhulu, ngokushesha noma kamuva sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini engaphakathi kuzo, ukuthi izingxenye zazo zisebenza kanjani, nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze uma okuthile kuqala ukungasebenzi kahle.

Kulesi sihloko uzothola uhlobo "lwencwadi ephelele" mayelana Ihadiwe yekhompyutha ephathekayo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ezivamileSizoxoxa ngakho konke kusukela emiqondweni eyisisekelo (ama-bits, ama-byte, isivinini, umthamo) kuya ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile (i-motherboard, iprosesa, inkumbulo, idiski, ama-port, ibhethri, isikrini...) kanye nendlela yokuhlonza izinkinga ezivamile njengokungavuli kwe-laptop, ukushisa ngokweqile, noma ibhethri elihlala isikhathi esifushane nje.

Imiqondo eyisisekelo: ama-bits, ama-byte, isitoreji, kanye nesivinini

Ukuze uqonde ihadiwe yanoma iyiphi i-laptop, kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle ukuthi imiqondo ye-bit, i-byte, umthamo wesitoreji kanye nesivininingoba konke okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwikhompyutha kusekelwe kukho.

Ikhompyutha iyaqonda kuphela Ugesi ezifundazweni ezimbili: ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwamandla kagesiSimelela lezi zimo njengo-0 no-1, futhi ngasinye sibizwa ngokuthi KancaneYiyunithi encane kunazo zonke yolwazi: u-0 oyedwa noma u-1 oyedwa.

Njengoba ingxenye eyodwa incane kakhulu, amakhompyutha ahlanganisa ulwazi lube amabhlogo Amabhithi angu-8 abizwa ngokuthi ama-byteNgezikhundla ezingu-8 ezingaba ngu-0 noma u-1, izinhlamvu, izinombolo, kanye nezimpawu zingamelwa. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokufaka ikhodi olufana ASCIIUhlamvu A lubhalwe njengenhlanganisela ethile yama-bits ayisishiyagalombili.

Yilapho amayunithi ajwayelekile omthamo avela khona: Ibhayithi eli-1 lingamabhithi angu-8, i-1 KB (kilobyte) ingamabhithi angu-1.024I-1 MB ingu-1.024 KB, i-1 GB ingu-1.024 MB, njalo njalo (TB, njll.). Uma ubona ukuthi ifayela lithatha i-1 KB, kusho ukuthi ligcina izinhlamvu, izinombolo, noma izikhala ezingu-1.024.

Kwisayensi yamakhompyutha, umehluko wenziwa phakathi umthamo wokugcina (mangaki amabhayithi angagcinwa) kanye Isivinini sokudlulisa (zingaki amabhayithi noma amabhithi ngomzuzwana angasuswa). Yingakho kuvela amayunithi afana ne-B/s, KB/s, MB/s noma i-GB/s, kanye nezinguqulo ezincane (b/s, Kbps, Mbps) ezibonisa amabhithi ngomzuzwana: i-megabit eyodwa ngomzuzwana (Mb/s) ingaphansi ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kune-megabyte eyodwa ngomzuzwana (MB/s).

Uzobona njalo iyunithi ye imvamisa ku-Hz, MHz noma ku-GHzLokhu kubonisa ukuthi umjikelezo womsebenzi wengxenye uphindaphindwa kangaki ngomzuzwana, isibonelo, iwashi langaphakathi leprosesa. Iprosesa esebenza ku-1 MHz yenza imijikelezo eyisigidi ngomzuzwana; ku-3 GHz, izigidigidi ezintathu.

Indlela yokukala ijubane langempela le-laptop

Umuzwa wokuthi "le laptop iyashesha" noma "iyaphuza" uncike ku- izici eziningana zehadiwe ezisebenza ndawonyehhayi nje isibalo se-GHz seprosesa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona i- inani lama-bits i-CPU engasebenza ngawo ngaphakathi ("ububanzi bangaphakathi"). Namuhla, cishe wonke ama-laptop esimanje angama-64-bit, okuwavumela ukuthi acubungule amabhlogo amakhulu kakhulu edatha kumyalelo ngamunye futhi aphathe imemori eyengeziwe.

Futhi namathonya imvamisa yeprosesaOkusho ukuthi, zingaki iziqondiso ezingacutshungulwa ngomzuzwana. Imijikelezo eminingi ngomzuzwana ivame ukusho ukusebenza okungcono, uma nje ezinye izingxenye zingadali inkinga.

Esinye isici esiyinhloko yi- ububanzi kanye nesivinini samabhasi edathaLezi "izindlela ezinkulu" lapho ulwazi luhamba khona phakathi kweprosesa, inkumbulo, nezinye izingxenye. Uma ibhasi libanzi (isibonelo, ama-bits angu-64) futhi lisebenza ngemvamisa ephezulu (isibonelo, amakhulu amaningana e-MHz noma ngaphezulu emabhasini anamuhla), ithrafikhi yedatha izoba lula kakhulu.

Ekugcineni, i inani nesivinini se-RAMUhlobo lwesitoreji (i-HDD vs SSD) kanye ne-chipset yebhodi lomama kunquma kakhulu ukuthi uhlelo lusabela ngokushesha kangakanani lapho luvula izinhlelo, lulayisha imidlalo, luhambisa amafayela, noma luqalisa kabusha uhlelo lokusebenza.

Ukwakhiwa kwehadiwe yekhompyutha ephathekayo: ukubuka konke

Uma sivula i-laptop ngaphakathi, sithola isakhiwo esihlukile kunekhompyutha yedeskithophu, kodwa Izingxenye zehadiwe eziyisisekelo zihlala zifana: i-motherboard, i-CPU, i-chipset, inkumbulo, amayunithi okugcina, uhlelo lokupholisa, ibhethri kanye nayo yonke i-ecosystem yamachweba nezinto ezisetshenziswayo.

Umklamo we-laptop usekelwe ku- ukulinganiselwa kwesikhala, isisindo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokushabalaliswa kokushisaLokhu kusho ukuthi izinto eziningi ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo kwi-PC yedeskithophu (i-RAM kumamojula amakhulu, amakhadi okunweba azimele, iprosesa esokhethini, i-SSD ngefomethi ejwayelekile) ziyathengiswa noma zihlanganiswe kwi-laptop ukuze kongiwe amamilimitha.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-laptop: kusukela ku- ilula kakhulu ukuthwaleka noma “ama-subnotebook”, kusukela kumamodeli avamile angu-13-15 intshi kuya ezindaweni zokusebenza ezingu-17 intshi kanye nama-laptop emidlalo. Kukhona futhi ama-laptop aguquguqukayo noma ama-laptop angu-2-in-1 ikhibhodi yazo igoqeka ngokuphelele ngemuva kwesikrini noma ingasuswa, ukuze ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa njengethebhulethi ngenxa yesikrini sayo sokuthinta.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nekhompyutha yedeskithophu, ama-laptop ngokuvamile asebenzisa amandla amancane. Zisebenzisa amandla amancane, zithatha isikhala esincane, futhi ziyaphatheka kalula.Kodwa-ke, ziyadela ukulula kokulungisa nokuthuthukisa. Ukushintsha noma ukuthuthukisa izingxenye akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma izingxenye zifakwe i-solder noma zinamathiselwe nge-glue, njengoba kunjalo ngamabhethri athile nama-SSD.

Ama-motherboard, ama-chipset kanye nama-data buses

La Ibhodi lomama le-laptop liyibhodi elikhulu lokuxhumana lapho cishe yonke into ihlanganiswe khona: iprosesa, amasokhethi e-RAM noma ama-chip, abalawuli bediski, amachweba e-USB, izixhumi zokubonisa, amakhadi enethiwekhi, umsindo, njll. Kuyisekethe ye-fiberglass enezingqimba zethusi (ama-trace) ezixhumanisa zonke izingxenye.

Enkabeni yakho konke kukhona i-chipsetI-chipset iyisethi yama-chip akhethekile axhumanisa ithrafikhi yedatha phakathi kweprosesa, imemori, amabhasi okunweba, nama-port. Ikhwalithi yayo nezici zayo zinquma, phakathi kwezinye izinto, inani eliphezulu le-RAM elisekelwayo, izinhlobo zama-disk asekelwayo, kanye nenani lama-port atholakalayo.

I-Los Amabhasi edatha yizindlela lapho ama-bits ahamba khona kusuka kwesinye isakhi kuya kwesinye. Zinemingcele emibili ebalulekile: ububanzi (inani lama-bits ezingawathwala ngokulingana, isibonelo, 32 noma 64) kanye nemvamisa (ukudluliselwa kwawo kungakanani i-MHz). Uma ibhasi libanzi futhi lishesha, kulapho lingahamba khona ulwazi oluningi ngomzuzwana.

Ama-laptop esimanje asebenzisa ama-interface afana nalawa I-PCI Express ukuxhumana namakhadi wehluzo noma ama-NVMe SSD, kanye SATA kuma-hard drive nama-SSD "akudala". I-interface endala ye-IDE/ATA isiphelelwe yisikhathi ngokuphelele ezinhlelweni zamanje.

Izilawuli ezindala ezizimele (i-IDE, i-SCSI, i-FireWire…) zihlanganiswe ne-chipset noma i-motherboard uqobo, okwenza kube lula ukwakheka ngokomzimba kodwa zigcina umgomo ofanayo: lawula ukugeleza kolwazi phakathi kwe-CPU, imemori, kanye namadivayisi okugcina nokukhulisa.

I-CPU, inkumbulo ye-cache, kanye nesistimu yokupholisa

El I-microprocessor noma i-CPU iyinhliziyo yangempela ye-laptopYingxenye eqhuba yonke imiyalelo yohlelo, yenza imisebenzi yezibalo kanye neyokucabanga, futhi iqondisa umsebenzi wezingxenye zehadiwe ezisele ngeyunithi yokulawula.

Ngaphakathi, i-CPU ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana, phakathi kwazo okulandelayo kuvelele: I-Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), eyenza izibalo ngezinombolo ezimbili (izengezo, ukususa, ukuqhathanisa okunengqondo, njll.), kanye iyunithi yokulawula, okunquma ukuhleleka kanye nesivinini lapho imiyalelo isetshenziswa khona kanye nedatha ehanjiswayo.

Uma kuhlolwa iprosesa ye-laptop, ukwakheka (i-Intel, i-AMD, i-ARM), inani lama-cores, imvamisa yesisekelo ne-turbo, kanye nosayizi wememori ye-cacheAmamodeli amaningi amanje asebenza kuma-bits angu-64 futhi anama-cores amaningi okucubungula imisebenzi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

La Imemori ye-cache ehlanganisiwe ye-CPU Luhlobo lwe-RAM eshesha kakhulu lapho idatha nemiyalelo esetshenziswa yiprosesa kakhulu igcinwa khona. Ngokuvamile ihlelwe ngamazinga amaningana: i-L1 cache (eshesha kakhulu nencane kakhulu, eseduze kakhulu ne-core ngayinye, enosayizi ojwayelekile wamakhulu ambalwa e-KB), i-L2 cache (ephakathi, kusukela kumakhulu amaningana e-KB kuya kuma-MB ambalwa), kanye ne-L3 cache (enkulu kodwa ehamba kancane, ene-MB noma amashumi ambalwa e-MB).

Iprosesa ikhiqiza ukushisa okuningi uma isebenza, ngakho-ke idinga uhlelo lokupholisa olune-heatsink kanye nefeniI-heatsink idlulisela ukushisa kude ne-chip, bese ifeni ikhipha umoya oshisayo ngemibhobho eseceleni noma yangemuva. Uma ucindezela imvamisa phezulu kakhulu noma uhlelo lugcwele uthuli, izinga lokushisa le-CPU lingafinyelela cishe ku-100°C, futhi uhlelo luzovala ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo.

Kunoma yikuphi ukulungiswa kwehadiwe yekhompyutha ephathekayo okungathi sína, kubalulekile ukuhlonipha uhlelo lokupholisa. Hlanza uthuli ngomoya ocindezelwe noma ngebhulashi elilwa nokungaguquguquki Futhi, uma i-heatsink isusiwe, faka i-thermal paste entsha phakathi kwe-CPU ne-metal block ukuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuhle kwe-thermal.

Imemori: I-ROM, i-BIOS, i-RAM kanye nememori ebonakalayo

Ngaphezu kwe-CPU, i-laptop incike ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze- inkumbulo enemisebenzi ehlukene kakhuluEzinye zihlala unomphela, kanti ezinye ziyasuswa uma ucima ikhompyutha.

Endala Imemori ye-ROM (Imemori Yokufunda Kuphela) Kwakuyi-chip lapho umenzi aqopha khona imiyalelo eyisisekelo yokuqalisa uhlelo. Namuhla lowo msebenzi uwela ku- I-BIOS noma i-UEFIokuseyihlelo elincane eligcinwe ku-chip yokufunda kuphela kodwa elivumela ukuguqulwa kwamapharamitha athile okucushwa (i-oda lokuqalisa, izinketho zamandla, njll.).

Ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi, usuku, kanye nedatha ethile ye-BIOS lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe, ibhethri elincane lebhodi lomamaUma ibhethri liphela, usuku luyalahleka njalo uma ucima i-laptop futhi idinga ukushintshwa.

La imemori eyinhloko noma i-RAM (Imemori Yokufinyelela Okungahleliwe) Yilapho uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nezinhlelo ozisebenzisayo njengamanje zilayishwa khona. Imemori yayo iyashesha futhi iyashintshashintsha: uma ucima noma uqala kabusha i-laptop yakho, konke okuku-RAM kuyanyamalala.

Kuma-laptop anamuhla, i-RAM ivame ukuba yohlobo I-DDR ezizukulwaneni zayo ezahlukene (DDR3, DDR4, DDR5)ngesivinini sokudlulisa esihlukile. Amanye amamodeli asebenzisa amamojula asuswayo (i-SODIMM) avumela ukunwetshwa noma ukushintshwa kwememori okulula; amanye ane-RAM ehlanganisiwe kubhodi lomama, okwenza kube nzima noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa.

Uma ugcwalisa i-RAM ngezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezivulekile, uhlelo lusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkumbulo ebonakalayoLena indawo nje ye-hard drive noma i-SSD egcinelwe ukusebenza njenge-"extension" ye-RAM. I-Windows isebenzisa ifayela le-paging, kanti ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zinezindlela ezifanayo.

Imemori ebonakalayo ivimbela uhlelo ukuthi luphelelwe isikhala sokulayisha izinhlelo, kodwa kuza ngezindleko: Ama-hard drive noma ama-SSD ahamba kancane kakhulu kune-RAMUma uhlelo kufanele luhambise idatha njalo phakathi kwe-RAM nediski (okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushintshana), konke kuyehla futhi umuzwa wokulibala ubonakala kakhulu.

Isitoreji se-laptop: ama-hard drive nama-SSD

Indawo lapho izinhlelo zakho, amadokhumenti, izithombe, kanye nemidlalo kugcinwa khona yi- isitoreji sangaphakathi se-laptopokungaba yi-mechanical hard disk drive (HDD), i-solid state drive (SSD), noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili namuhla.

Ama-hard drive endabuko asekelwe ku- amapuleti ensimbi ajikeleza ngesivinini esikhulu (isibonelo, ama-5.400 noma ama-7.200 rpm kuma-laptop) ambozwe ngezinto ezisebenza ngogesi. Ikhanda lokufunda/ukubhala lifunda futhi libhale idatha kula ma-plate, ahlukaniswe ngamathrekhi, imikhakha, namaqoqo. Isikhathi esithatha ikhanda ukuzibeka kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza yikho okunquma kakhulu ijubane lediski.

Ubuso buhlelwe ngendlela amathrekhi agxilile, imikhakha (ngokuvamile amabhayithi angu-512) kanye namaqoqoAmaqoqo amaqembu emikhakha abelwe njengeyunithi encane kakhulu yesikhala kufayela ngalinye. Uma usayizi weqoqo ungu-4 KB, ukulondoloza ifayela elingu-1 KB kusazohlala isikhala sediski esingu-4 KB.

Kanye nama-HDD sinawo I-SSD (Solid State Drive)Ama-SSD agcina idatha kuma-flash memory chips angenazo izingxenye ezihambayo. Ashesha kakhulu ekufundeni nasekubhaleni futhi amelana kakhulu nokushaqeka nokuwa, okwenza abe afaneleke kakhulu kuma-laptop. Amanye ama-SSD asebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi se-SATA (esinesixhumi kanye ne-form factor efana ne-drive engu-2,5”), kanti amanye asebenzisa i-PCIe/NVMe ngefomethi ye-M.2.

Kuma-laptop amaningi esimanje, I-SSD iwukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okuphawuleka kakhulu Okungenziwa: izikhathi zokuqalisa zincishiswa kusukela kumaminithi kuya kumasekhondi, izinhlelo zivuleka ngokushesha, futhi uhlelo luphendula ngokushesha okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, abanye abakhiqizi bathengisa i-SSD kubhodi lomama, okusho ukuthi uchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe kuphela ongayishintsha.

Isikrini se-laptop: ukulungiswa, amaphikseli, nezinkinga ezijwayelekile

Ingxenye ebonakala kakhulu (ngokoqobo) yehadiwe ye-laptop yi- isikrini, esakhiwe yi-matrix yamaphikseli okungashintsha umbala ngokuzimela. Isixazululo sibonisa ukuthi mangaki amaphikseli ububanzi nokuphakama (isibonelo, 1920×1080).

Kumaphaneli amaningi, amaphikseli wodwa awakhiphi ukukhanya, kodwa Bashintsha ukukhanya kusuka ku-backlight etholakala ngemuvaEzikrinini ze-LCD/TFT zakudala, lokhu kukhanyisa kwangemuva kuvame ukuba yi-LED, futhi uma isibani noma isekethe yokukhanyisa yehluleka, uzoba nezithombe ezifiphele kakhulu noma isikrini esimnyama nje esinokuqukethwe okungabonakali kahle ngethoshi.

Inkinga evamile... amaphikseli afile noma anamatheleLezi zivela njengamachashazi ahlala enombala ofanayo (omhlophe, omnyama, obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ngaphandle kokushintsha nesithombe. Ngezinye izikhathi zimbalwa kuphela futhi zinganakwa, kodwa uma zihlangana ndawonye zingacasula kakhulu.

Kunezindlela zasekhaya zokuzama "ukuvula" amaphikseli, njengokuthi bonisa amaphethini ombala asheshayo kakhulu noma ufake ingcindezi yokukhanya noma ukushisa okulawulwayo endaweni ethintekile. Azisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi uma ibala lingabekezeleleki, ikhambi eliqinisekile ukufaka isikrini esikhundleni saso.

Enye ipharamitha ebalulekile yesikrini se-laptop ukuthi isikhathi sokuphendula (ukuthi iphikseli ishintsha ngokushesha kangakanani isuka kwesinye isimo iye kwesinye) kanye nesilinganiso sokuvuselela. Ezibukweni zesimanje, izikhathi zokuphendula eziphansi (ngama-millisecond) kanye namazinga aphezulu okuvuselela kunikeza ulwazi olubushelelezi, ikakhulukazi emidlalweni noma kumavidiyo.

Amachweba, ukuxhumana kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo

Ukuze ixhumane nomhlaba wangaphandle, i-laptop inochungechunge lwezinhlelo amachweba nezixhumi ezibonakalayo nezingenantambo lapho kuxhunywe khona izinto ezisetshenziswayo njengegundane, amakhibhodi, amamonitha angaphandle, amadiski, ama-headphone noma uxhumano lwenethiwekhi uqobo.

Ichweba elikhulu namuhla yi- I-USB ezinguqulweni zayo ezahlukene (2.0, 3.0, 3.1, USB-C, njll.). Ikuvumela ukuthi uxhume cishe noma iyiphi idivayisi, futhi eminingi i-Plug & Play: mane uyixhume, noma ngabe ikhompyutha ivuliwe, ukuze uhlelo lukwazi ukuyibona bese lufaka umshayeli ofanele.

Ngokuxhumeka kwenethiwekhi enezintambo, i- Imbobo ye-Ethernet (RJ45)Futhi kumavidiyo angaphandle, izixhumi ezinjengalezi zivamile. I-HDMI, i-DisplayPort noma, kumamodeli amadala kancane, i-VGA noma i-DVII-HDMI inenzuzo yokuphatha umsindo nevidiyo ngekhebula elifanayo nokuphatha izinqumo eziphezulu ngaphandle kwenkinga; ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzisi abaningi babheka iziqondiso ze- faka isikrini esikabili uma bexhuma ama-monitor angaphandle.

Amanye amadivayisi angatholakala ama-port omsindo we-analog kumakrofoni nezipikha, futhi kumamodeli amadala, izixhumi ezithile ezifana ne-FireWire (yamakhamera evidiyo) noma i-PS/2 (yekhibhodi negundane), esezinyamalele ngokuphelele endaweni ye-laptop.

Ngale kwezintambo, cishe wonke ama-laptop ayahlangana ubuchwepheshe obungenantambo njenge-Wi-Fi ne-BluetoothI-Wi-Fi isetshenziselwa ukuxhuma kumanethiwekhi kanye ne-inthanethi, kanye ne-Bluetooth yokuxhumanisa amagundane, amakhibhodi, ama-headphone, omakhalekhukhwini, njll. Amachweba e-infrared nawo ayekhona, manje asephelelwe yisikhathi, futhi ucwaningo luyaqhubeka njengamanje mayelana nokudluliselwa kokukhanya (njenge-Li-Fi), yize lokhu kungavamile emishinini yezentengiselwano.

Imingcele efana ikhibhodi nephedi yokuthinta Ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa ne-chassis ye-laptop, kodwa kungenzeka futhi ukuxhuma ezinye izindlela zangaphandle, njengezikrini ezengeziwe, amaphrinta, noma amadrayivu e-USB. Konke lokhu kwandisa kakhulu amakhono ekhompyutha ngale kwesimo sayo "esivaliwe".

Ibhethri, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuzimela

La Ibhethri liyisici esikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise i-laptop kude nendawo yokukhipha ugesi.Isebenza ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwangaphakathi okugcina nokukhulula amandla kagesi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinqubo zamakhemikhali ziyawohloka, amandla ayancipha, futhi impilo yebhethri iyancipha.

Kwamamodeli amaningi amadala ibhethri lalisuswa ngethebhu elula; kwawanamuhla amaningi liyasuswa kuhlanganiswe futhi kuvame ukunamathela ku-chassisLokhu kukuphoqa ukuthi uhlukanise ingxenye yomshini ukuze uwushintshe. Noma kunjalo, usabhekwa njengengxenye engasetshenziswa: ngokushesha noma kamuva kuzodingeka uwushintshe uma ufuna ukubuyisa amahora okusebenzisa.

Uma i-laptop yakho isebenza kahle kuphela uma ixhunyiwe, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ibhethri lifile noma linephuthaNgaphambi kokusola i-100%, kufanelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ishaja iyifanele imodeli yakho futhi inikeza amandla anele: ukusebenzisa i-adaptha ene-amperage encane noma i-voltage engalungile kungabangela ukungasebenzi kahle okungavamile.

Ukuze uthole impilo yebhethri lakho, ungasebenzisa amathuluzi okuxilonga, njenge imiyalo yesistimu (isibonelo, i-powercfg ku-Windows) noma izinsiza ezithile okuqhathanisa umthamo wokuqala omkhulu nomthamo wamanje omkhulu. Uma inani langempela liphansi kakhulu kunomthamo ojwayelekile, akukho okuningi okungenziwa ngaphandle kokuwushintsha.

Khumbula ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa, njengokuthi dlala imidlalo, hlela ividiyo, noma usebenzise isofthiwe edinga kakhuluZiyandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi ziqede ibhethri, noma ngabe lisha. Ukuphequlula i-inthanethi akufani nokuveza ividiyo ye-4K maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Izinhlobo ezivamile zokuqhekeka kanye nokuxilongwa okuyisisekelo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokusetshenziswa, kuyinto evamile ukuthi zivele izinkinga zehadiwe kuma-laptopEzinye kulula ukuzixazulula, ezinye zidinga uchwepheshe okhethekile noma zihilela ukushintsha izingxenye ezibizayo njengebhodi lomama.

Uma i-laptop ingavuli, into yokuqala okufanele uyihlole ukuthi ugesi kanye nebhethriXhuma ishaja yokuqala (noma ehambisanayo, esezingeni eliphezulu) bese ulinda imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokuzama ukuyivula. Uma isebenza ngekhebula kodwa hhayi ngebhethri kuphela, inkinga kungenzeka ukuthi isebhethri; ungalandela futhi umhlahlandlela ku Indlela yokuvula i-laptop engayivuli ngezinyathelo ezinemininingwane.

Ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuhlola ukuthi zikhona yini "Izimpawu zokuphila": izibani, amafeni, imisindo yokukhalaAbakhiqizi abaningi basebenzisa amakhodi okukhala noma ama-LED flash ukukhombisa amaphutha athile (isibonelo, ukwehluleka kwe-RAM). Ukubonisana nombhalo wemodeli noma iwebhusayithi yokusekela kunganikeza izinkomba eziwusizo kakhulu.

Elinye iphuzu okufanele libuyekezwe yi- isikriniNgezinye izikhathi i-laptop ivuleka kahle kodwa akukho sithombe. Ungazama ukukhanyisa ithoshi esikrinini ukuze ubone ukuthi kukhona yini uhlaka olungabonakali kahle: lokho kungabonisa inkinga yesibani sangemuva. Futhi, hlola ukuthi ukukhanya akukabekwanga ezingeni eliphansi.

Uma idivayisi ivumela ukungena ku- I-BIOS/UEFI (ngokuvamile ngokucindezela i-F2, i-F10, i-Delete noma enye inkinobho uma ivuliwe)Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-motherboard, i-CPU, kanye nenye imemori kuyasebenza. Uma kunjalo, uma uhlelo lokusebenza luhluleka ukuqala, inkinga ingaba ngohlelo ngokwalo, i-hard drive, noma amafayela okuqalisa onakele, futhi kungadingeka... fometha ikhompuyutha noma ukulungisa uhlelo.

Uma kungekho ndlela yokuqalisa, ngisho nangemva kokuzama nge-RAM ehlukile, i-hard drive ehlukile, kanye ne-boot loader ehlukile, Ukusola kuwela kubhodi lomama noma kumjikelezo wokunikezwa kwamandlaAmanye ama-laptop anebhodi elincane elihlukile lesixhumi samandla; ukulishintsha ngezinye izikhathi kuxazulula izinkinga zokuvula ngaphandle kokushintsha lonke ibhodi lomama.

Ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nokugcinwa kwangaphakathi

Okunye ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-laptop yakudala yi- ngokweqileIkhompyutha ishisa kakhulu, amafeni ahlala enza umsindo, iyazicisha yodwa, noma inciphisa ukusebenza ukuze igweme ukuthosa i-CPU.

I-hot bottom ayiyona inkinga ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu angaphakathi e-CPU noma e-GPU ayinkinga. sondela emikhawulweni yokuphepha (cishe i-100 ºC) ngemisebenzi elula. Ungaqapha lawo mazinga okushisa ngamathuluzi esofthiwe kokubili ku-Windows naku-Linux.

Ezimweni eziningi imbangela iba ukunqwabelana kothuli ku-heatsink kanye nefeniUmoya uyayeka ukujikeleza kahle bese ukushisa kubanjwa. Isixazululo sihilela ukuvula iyunithi, ukuyifutha ngomoya ocindezelwe (kungcono ezinye izindlela ezingalimazi kakhulu uma kungenzeka), kanye nokususa i-lint kanye nokungcola ngebhulashi elivikela ukungcola noma indwangu engena-lint; uma uthanda, kuneziqondiso ezithile zokuthi nini lapho Ifeni ibangela umsindo. nokuthi ungayilungisa kanjani.

Uma uzizwa sengathi unamakhono futhi umklamo uyakuvumela, ungaphinde... vuselela unamathisele oshisayo phakathi kwe-CPU (ne-GPU, uma ikhona) kanye ne-heatsink. Lolu ngqimba kumele lube luncane futhi lube nokulingana ukuze kudluliselwe ukushisa okuphumelelayo.

Ngemva kokuhlanza kahle, ama-laptop amaningi ayasebenza futhi. ngamazinga okushisa afanele kanye namafeni athule kakhuluUkungayinaki inkinga iminyaka eminingi kungagcina kufinyeze isikhathi sokuphila kwezingxenye.

Ukuqonda ukuthi zonke lezi zinto zihlelwe kanjani—i-CPU, i-RAM, isitoreji, i-motherboard, ama-port, ibhethri, isikrini, kanye nesistimu yokupholisa—kusiza kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingcono lapho ukhetha ikhompyutha. thenga, unakekele, ulungise noma uthuthukise i-laptop akusaweli ekucushweni okungalingani lapho ingxenye ehamba phambili ibanjwa yileyo engalingani kakhulu.