Lo mshini omncane futhi osebenza ngezindlela eziningi ungatholakala ezintweni eziningi zikagesi ezisendlini. Bakhona kuma-stereo, imidlalo yevidiyo ngisho nakukukhala kwama-ambulensi. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sikufundisa konke mayelana ne-timer engu-555 noma isifunda esihlanganisiwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwayo kanye nalokho okufanele ukwazi ngakho.
Iyini i-Timer 555?
El Isikhathi 555 noma isifunda esididiyelwe njengoba saziwa futhi, sisebenza njenge Ukudluliselwa Okunesikhathi, engasetshenziswa, njengengxenye yesekhethi lapho ezinye izisetshenziswa kufanele zivulwe noma zivalwe, ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuze i-Timer 555 isebenze ngendlela efanele, kufanele ixhunywe kwamanye amadivaysi izici zayo ezinikeza inani elidingekayo elingeziwe, ukuze isebenze njengokulibaziseka kwesikhathi, noma isebenze ngokujikeleza kumjikelezo kagesi.
Ngaphandle kwayo yonke intuthuko eyenziwe emishinini kagesi, isilawuli se-Timer 555 sikwazile ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwemiklamo ye-elekthronikhi, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwaso kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokutholwa kwaso.
Ingahlukaniswa kuwo wonke amanye amadivayisi, ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo okungavamile. Ukusibona kuwukucabanga ngesicabucabu, njengoba sinemigqa eyisishiyagalombili yezikhonkwane ezinhlangothini zombili zohlaka lwaso.
Isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamasekhethi amasistimu e-LED aphakathi nendawo, ukulawula ukukhanya nokucisha, ukulawula isikhathi sokuvala umenzi wekhofi, phakathi kokunye.
Izici ze-timer engu-555
I-timer engu-555 inikezwa imilenze noma izikhonkwane eziyisishiyagalombili, ngenxa yalokhu kungavamile ifana nesicabucabu. Lezi zikhonkwane zingaxhunywa kumjikelezo we-elekthronikhi oklanywe, ngokuya ngomsebenzi ofuna ukuwabela wona.
Empeleni, uma ufuna ukusebenza kahle, kulula ukuthola umaki noma ukusika okulethwa idivayisi, njengoba iphinikhodi ehlonzwe nenombolo yokuqala iseduze nayo.
Uma iphini elilodwa selihlonziwe, ohlangothini lwesobunxele lalo, izikhonkwane ezimbili (2), ezintathu (3) nezine (4) ziyatholakala. Uma isibali sikhathi esingu-555 sibekwe sibheke phezulu, sizoba nezikhonkwane eziyisishiyagalombili (8), eziyisikhombisa (7), eziyisithupha (6) nezihlanu (5) ngokulandelana kwazo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi lo myalelo ungashintshwa, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi ehlanganisiwe ngeke isebenze ngendlela efanele. Kodwa umsebenzi wemilenze yawo ngayinye ushiwo ngezansi, ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda.
umsebenzi wezikhonkwane zesekethe ezihlanganisiwe
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, umlenze ngamunye noma iphinikhodi yedivayisi ye-555 inomsebenzi othile ngaphakathi kwesistimu, uma ixhunywe ngokungalungile, izosebenza ngokungalungile. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kokwazi ngokunembile indawo yayo efanele ekhadini. Lo msebenzi uzokwenziwa ube lula uma unolwazi lwe I-elekthronikhi eyisisekelo, okuzokuvumela ukuthi wenze lo msebenzi ngokuphepha okukhulu.
- Iphinikhodi #1
Kufanele ixhunywe esigxotsheni esinegethivu somthombo wamandla, okungukuthi, kufanele ibe ku-zero volts (0V).
- Iphinikhodi #2
Iphinikhodi yokuqala noma yokucupha. Inesibopho sokuthumela ukunika amandla noma ukuvala isignali ukuze uphine #3.
- Iphinikhodi #3
Kule phinikhodi kutholwa izimpawu zokuvula noma ukuvala isekethe. Ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kwesifunda kuzoxhomeka ekuxhumekeni kwayo okulungile.
- Iphinikhodi #4
Umsebenzi wayo ukuqala kabusha isekethe noma into ethile ye-elekthronikhi. Uma ngezizathu zokuklama, lo mlenze ngeke usetshenziswe, kufanele uxhunywe ku-voltage ye-DC, ukugwema ukusetha kabusha okuqhubekayo kwe-timer engu-555.
- Iphinikhodi #5
Inesibopho sokulawula i-voltage ngaphakathi kwesekethe.
- Iphinikhodi #6
Isebenza njengokunciphisa izinga lesistimu. Isebenza ngokokufaka kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe, inciphisa ukuphuma komlenze #3.
- Iphinikhodi #7
Le phinikhodi ilawula ukukhishwa kwe-capacitor yangaphandle futhi lokhu kuvumela i-timer engu-555 ukuthi isebenze ngendlela efanele.
- Iphinikhodi #8
Kulo mlenze, uxhumano lwe-voltage oluqondile lwamanje lwenziwa. Ngamanye amazwi, lapha isekethe inikezwa isigxobo esihle somthombo wamandla. Amanani lo mlenze ongawasekela aphakathi kwama-volts angu-5 futhi angafinyelela ku-15 volts.
Isikhathi 555 kanye nezindlela esebenza ngazo
Ngenxa yekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziningi, idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi ingasebenza ngezindlela ezimbili kumklamo wesifunda, okungukuthi: imodi eguquguqukayo kanye nemodi engazinzile. Okulandelayo, ngayinye yezici zayo iyashiwo.
imodi ye-monostable
Kuthiwa i-timer engu-555 isebenza ngemodi eguquguqukayo, lapho olunye lwezinhlangothi zalo lusesimweni esizinzile. Isimo esinjalo senzeka, ngokuvamile lapho izinga eliphansi noma eliphezulu libikwa ekuphumeni kwesekethe.
Lapho ithola isignali noma isikhuthazo esivela ngaphandle, lesi simo esingaguquki siyahlukahluka noma siyashintsha. Lokhu kumane nje, uma bekusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lokufunda, lehla ngokuphazima kweso liye ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.
Uma imbangela ekhiqiza ushintsho olunjalo esimweni sayo isiphelile, izobuyela ngokushesha esimweni sayo sasekuqaleni, ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umfutho.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi divayisi, endaweni ehlala njalo, kuvumela ukudalwa kwamasekhethi okulibaziseka kwesikhathi. Lapho i-shutter yangaphandle ibangela ukuthi i-timer engu-555 ikhiqize isignali engashintshwa.
Njengoba i I-Condenser yangaphandle, ikhishwa yi-transistor ene-timer ehlanganisiwe, lapho iphinikhodi # 2 ikhuthazwa kabi, idivayisi ye-bistable noma i-flip-flop ilungiswa kabusha, ukuvumela ukukhululwa kwesifunda esifushane, ngokusebenzisa i-capacitor ukuyimisa ngokushesha.
Sisebenza kanjani isibali sikhathi esingu-555 kulesi simo?
Ukuze idivayisi isebenze esimweni esingaguquki, iphinikhodi 3 kufanele ibe sezimo ezimbili ezihlukene, ezishiwo ngezansi:
Esimeni esizinzile, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezinga eliphansi kakhulu kuphinikhodi #3, noma yini efana nokuthi kuphini #3 kuzoba neziro volts (0V). Isimo esizinzile: noma isimo esingazinzile, esilingana nokuthola i-voltage kuphinikhodi #3, eduze kakhulu naleyo yokunikezwa kwamandla.
Kodwa ukwenza kucace kakhudlwana, sizobona isibonelo esilandelayo:
Sinesekhethi enikezwe umthombo wokugcina we-volt engu-9, izinga layo eliphezulu lokushaja i-9 volts (9V) futhi izinga layo eliphansi lokushaja lizoba ngu-0 volts (0V).
Umbuzo ophakamayo manje ngothi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isekethe isuke kwelinye izinga iye kwelinye? Nokho, nakuba kubonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, ilula kakhulu. Umjikelezo usuka kuzinzile noma u-0 volts, lapho uguquko oluya kusimo esingazinzile lwenzeka kuphinikhodi #2.
Kodwa izoma ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi esithile, ibuyele esimweni sayo sasekuqaleni.
Ukuze isekethe yethu edidiyelwe engama-555 isebenze njenge-monostable kufanele siyixhume ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Ukuze idivayisi ye-timer engu-555 isebenze njenge-monostable, kufanele ixhunywe kanje:
Kugrafu engenhla sibona idatha elandelayo:
- E: ilingana nokokufaka kwesekethe.
- S: imele okukhiphayo kwesistimu.
- T: isikhathi sokwenza sedivayisi.
- R: ikhombisa ukuba khona kwe-resistor, evezwe nge-Ohms.
- C: iyi-capacitor yesekethe futhi ikalwa ngeFarads.
Manje, igrafu ikhombisa ukuthi endaweni E, inkinobho kufanele ibekwe futhi ku-S ukuphuma kwesistimu kuxhunyiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, kulawa maphuzu ubude besikhathi lapho umjikelezo uzovula noma uvale amanye amadivaysi kuzolawulwa.
El amandla kagesi kokunikezwayo, kubalwa ngokuya nge-voltage esetshenziswa kuyo ngomthombo wamandla noma ibhethri.
Isikhathi sokubala isikhathi ofuna ukugcina ngaso ukuphuma kwesekethe kusebenze, kulokhu kusetshenziswa ifomula elandelayo:
T (isikhathi) = 1,1 (njalo)x R (ukumelana) x C (i-condenser)
Manje, manje kunikezwa isibonelo esisebenzayo, lapho ufuna ukuvula isibani se-LED isikhathi esithile, ngokuvula inkinobho.
Ngalokhu, idatha elandelayo iyatholakala:
I-voltage noma i-voltage izofinyelela ku-5V, okusetshenziselwa ibhethri elishajwayo. Kukhona i-LED esebenza ngama-volts angu-2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inokumelana no-220 Ohm, okuhambisana nama-LED ama-bulb.
Umbuzo olandelayo uyaphakama: Ama-LED azohlala evuliwe isikhathi esingakanani, uma isivalo sesivuliwe?Bese sekuyisikhathi sokuthi ubambe ipensela, iphepha kanye nesibali ukuze uqale ukwenza izibalo.
Kubalulekile ukwenza amatemu eqembu, ngoba lokhu amanani e-Resistance ayaguqulwa, avezwa ngama-Kilohms futhi kufanele asetshenziswe ngo-Ohms. I-resistor esibonelweni ingu-470, ngakho-ke vele uphindaphinde inani layo legama ngo-1000 futhi umphumela uzoba ama-Ohms. Umsebenzi osanda kwenziwa ume kanje:
- 470 x 1000 = 470.000 Ω.
Kulungile, manje umsebenzi wokuguqula ama-microfarads we-capacitor ku-Farads wenziwa. Kulokhu, idatha ye-10 microfarad iyacatshangelwa futhi inqubo imi kanje:
- 10 x 10-6 = 0,00001 amafadi.
Uma lolu lwazi selutholakele, into elandelayo okufanele yenziwe ukufaka amanani esikhundleni sefomula futhi ngale ndlela kutholwa imininingwane yokufunda nokwakha isekethe oyifunayo. Ngakho sine:
- T = 1,1 x 470.000Ω x 0,00001 = 5,17 imizuzwana.
Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa isibani se-LED uma i-shutter isicushiwe, izohlala ivuliwe, imizuzwana engu-5,17 futhi icime lapho ifinyelela kulowo mkhawulo wesikhathi ohleliwe.
imodi eqinile
Imodeli yesifunda engu-555 isebenza esimweni esizinzile noma esilingana nayo, isebenza ngaphandle kokuphuma okuzinzile, lapho izifunda zayo ezimbili ezithola umfutho zihlala zingazinzile isikhathi esithile.
Imiphumela yayo emithathu ishintsha ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwezinga eliphansi nelingaphezulu, ngaphandle kokuthintwa isimo se-voltage yokufaka. Ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezakha isekethe.
Uma i-capacitor elahlekelwa yinkokhelo inikwe amandla, ngokushesha ukuphuma kwedivayisi ye-elekthronikhi, i-timer 555, itholakala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, i-capacitor ifinyelela ku-75% we-voltage yamanje.
Uma ukunikezwa kwamandla kugcinwa kuxhunyiwe, umjikelezo wokushaja ku-capacitor, lesi senzo sizophindwa izikhathi eziningi njengoba kukhishwa, ngenxa ye-voltage edlula phakathi kwezingxenye zesifunda.
555 isibali sikhathi
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zalolu cingo zicishe zingenamkhawulo. Kuzoncika ezidingweni zabasebenzisi kanye nekhono labo lokuyihlanganisa namanye amadivaysi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe imiklamo ebanzi kagesi.
Phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe sinakho:
isilawuli sesikhathi
Kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuqashwa zale nto ye-elekthronikhi. Ingatholakala njenge-timer noma isilawuli sesikhathi, sezibani ezikhanyayo zezimoto, nazo ziwusizo, ukulawula ukukhanyiswa kwezibani zokusetshenziswa ekhaya, phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi zokusebenza zale divayisi eguquguqukayo.
alarm timer
Uma ihambisana nekhwela noma ikhwela, isebenza kahle njengesicupha somsindo.
Ukulawulwa kwezinjini zikagesi
Ilungele ukuklama amasekhethi e-elekthronikhi afeza umsebenzi wokulawula ukujikeleza kwama-servomotors.
izithungatha ukushisa
Uma ihambisana nama-LED ama-bulb kanye nokumelana nokushisa. Umtshina oseduze kokushisa ungakhiwa, ngoba, uma ukumelana kuthola ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa, kunikeza isixwayiso ukuze ama-LED ama-bulb avule.
Lapho izinga lokushisa lincipha, lisebenza, lithumela isignali ukuze ama-LED ama-bulb acime.
Ababhali bezimali
Idivayisi ehlanganisiwe engu-555, iyakwazi ukusebenza njengekhawunta, uma ibekwe kumjikelezo, ukuthi phambi kwesignali yomfutho inombolo iyanda, isikhathi ngasinye lapho itholwa.
Omunye umlando wale Circuit Edidiyelwe 555
Umqambi wayo kwakunguNjiniyela we-Swiss Electronic Hans Camenzind. Owahlala eMelika ngeminyaka yawo 60. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe eNyuvesi yaseNortheastern, waqala ukufuna umsebenzi omuhle.
Uyakwazi ukuqashwa inkampani yokuqala eyayiseMassachusetts. Le nkampani bekuyi-PR Mallory Corporation, eyayinikezelwe emkhakheni wokukhiqiza nokuthuthukisa amabhethri noma iziqoqelalwazi.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-60, lo njiniyela okhaliphile waqashwa inkampani ye-Signetics, nayo eyayiyinkampani entsha kakhulu futhi eyisipesheli ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe.
ukusonteka kwenhlanhla
UHans kwase kunesikhathi eside enethemba lokwakha umshini oshumekiwe ozosebenza njengesibali-sikhathi. Ngolunye usuku lapho esemtatsheni wezincwadi waseMassachusetts Institute of Technology, wathola ukwaziswa okuphathelene neBhayibheli okwakukhuluma ngomsebenzi owawufingqa umnyombo walokho ayehlele ukukuthuthukisa.
Lokhu kwadala ukuthi akwazi ukuklama isekethe edidiyelwe, njengesamukeli somsakazo. Enkampanini ye-Signetics, bamvumele ukuthi enze i-chip ye-565 PLL esikalini. Umanduleli wesekethe ehlanganisiwe ye-555.
Le chip yayinama-transistors angu-23, ama-resistors angu-16 nama-diode angu-2, ahlanganiswe kudivayisi engu-8-pin. Ukungena kwayo emakethe yezisetshenziswa zikagesi kwakungo-1972, futhi kwaba impumelelo emangalisayo.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka nokusebenza kwayo, onjiniyela ababezinikele endaweni yokuthuthukiswa baqala ukuyisebenzisela ukuklama nokukhiqiza imishini kagesi ehluke kakhulu.
Ngomjikelezo ohlanganisiwe we-555, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemishini engakhiwa, umhlaba futhi ikakhulukazi umdali wawo, wamangala ngenani lezinhlelo zokusebenza abathuthukisi abangazifinyelela ngale divayisi encane.
Kusukela lapho, le sekethi edidiyelwe elula nenesizotha isetshenziswe onjiniyela, abafundi, abathanda izinto zikagesi. Uma uthi nhlá ubukeka sengathi ucezu lwepulasitiki, kodwa lunamandla okwenza isibani se-LED sicwayize isikhathi esithile, sidale umculo kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.
