- Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuthumela ama-quantum states ku-fiber ethwala ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi evamile ku-400 Gb/s ngasikhathi sinye.
- Ukusebenzisa i-quantum entanglement kanye nokulinganisa amalunga ukwakha kabusha isimo se-photon kumakhilomitha angu-30,2, kubhujiswe okwangempela.
- Ukuhlalisana okufinyelelwa ngokuhlukanisa ama-O kanye nama-C band nokusebenzisa izihlungi ukunciphisa umsindo we-Raman ku-optical fiber.
- Ivula umnyango wokuvikela amanethiwekhi e-quantum kanye nokubalwa kwe-quantum okusatshalaliswa kusetshenziswa ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana yamanje.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-quantum akuseyona into egxile embonweni kanye nasekuhlolweni kwelebhu okuhlukanisiwe. Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe likhombisile ukuthi kungenzeka. ukuhambisa isimo se-quantum se-photon ngenethiwekhi ye-fiber optic ephethe ne-inthanethi evamileInto eyayibonakala ingenakwenzeka kuze kube muva nje ngenxa yomsindo okhiqizwa yizimpawu zakudala.
Kulolu vivinyo, oluholwa unjiniyela UPrem Kumar, eNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern (e-United States), ulwazi lwe-quantum luthunyelwe kanye Amakhilomitha angu-30,2 ekhebula le-fiber optic Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ithrafikhi yedatha yendabuko yayijikeleza ngaleyo ntambo efanayo ukuze 400 gigabits ngomzuzwanaUmphumela ubeka isisekelo se-inthanethi ye-quantum yesikhathi esizayo engathembela, ngezinga elikhulu, engqalasizinda yezokuxhumana esevele isetshenziswe engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu nasemhlabeni wonke.
Kuyini ngempela i-quantum teleportation (nokuthi yini engeyona)
Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukucacisa iphuzu elibalulekile: Izinto azizange zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ulwazi lwe-quantum.Akukho bantu noma izinto ezishintsha imizimba yazo endaweni ethile bese zibonakala kwenye, njengasezinganekwaneni zesayensi. Okuhambayo, ngandlela thile, yilokhu isimo se-quantum se-photon, ephinda ikhiqizwe ekugcineni kwendawo lapho uya khona ngaphandle kwaleso simo esihamba nge-fiber njengoba kwenza iphakethe ledatha lakudala.
Inhliziyo yocwaningo ilele ku- i-quantum entanglementKalula nje, lapho izinhlayiya ezimbili zibambene, zabelana ngokuhlobana okujulile kangangokuthi Ukulinganisa esinye sazo ngokushesha kunquma isimo sesinye.noma ngabe ziqhelelene kakhulu. Lesi sici sivumela isimo se-quantum ukuthi "siphinde sivele" kwenye indawo ohlelweni ngaphandle kokunyakaza njengesignali evamile.
Kusethaphu eklanywe yithimba likaPrem Kumar, kukhiqizwa ama-photon amabili abambene futhi Ukulinganisa okuhlangene ku-node ephakathiLo msebenzi waziwa ngokuthi ukulinganisa kwe-Bell. Lokhu kulinganisa kubhubhisa isimo sokuqala se-photon okufanele ithunyelwe, futhi ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, kusetshenziswa ukulungiswa ku-photon ehlanganisiwe ekugcineni kokwamukela. ukwakha kabusha isimo sokuqala laphoUkuklonyelisa akunakwenzeka: okwangempela kuyaphela ngesikhathi inqubo isiqediwe.
Lolu hlelo, olwaluvele luboniswe ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu ezilawulwa kakhulu, luyisisekelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-quantum kwezifundazweOkusha manje akugcini nje kuphela enkambisweni, kodwa nasendaweni esetshenziswe kuyo: inethiwekhi yefayibha eziphatha njengengxenye yangempela ye-inthanethi, lapho ithrafikhi enkulu ihlanganyela khona indlela efanayo ebonakalayo.
Iqiniso lokuthi kwenzeka ngesixhumanisi esijwayelekile sokuxhumana ngocingo yilokho okusivumela ukuthi siqale ukucabanga, ngokoqobo, amanethiwekhi e-quantum ahlanganiswe nengqalasizinda esevele isetshenziswa ngabaqhubi baseYurophu naseSpain, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubeka amakhilomitha namakhilomitha ezintambo zeziteshi ze-quantum kuphela.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-quantum ngenethiwekhi efana ne-inthanethi
Lolu cwaningo lwaklanywa njengohlobo "lokuhlolwa kokucindezeleka" ukuze kubonwe ukuthi ulwazi lwe-quantum lungakwazi yini ukusinda ngekhebula elifanayo le-fiber optic elithwala ithrafikhi ye-inthanethi evamileKwakungeyona isixhumanisi esizimele, kodwa isimo esiseduze kakhulu nesenethiwekhi yezentengiselwano, enezimpawu zamandla aphezulu ezivamile ezabelana ngesiteshi.
Ngaphezulu kwesikhathi Amakhilomitha angu-30,2 e-fiberAma-photon e-Quantum afakwe ikhodi kubhendi ethile ye-spectrum ye-optical athunyelwe, kuyilapho ithrafikhi yedatha yendabuko ifakwa nge-fiber efanayo ukuze 400 GbpsLo mkhawulokudonsa ufana nowezixhumanisi ze-trunk ezikhonza opharetha abakhulu, ngakho-ke indawo yokuhlola iseduze kakhulu nesimo esingokoqobo.
Kuze kube manje, iningi lokuhlolwa kwe-quantum teleportation lenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo "ezingenazintsholongwane" kakhulu: imicu ezinikele ngaphandle kwethrafikhi yakudalaLawa ma-laboratory ayenezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo kanye namazinga aphansi kakhulu amandla, ukuze kuvinjelwe umsindo ekubhubhiseni ama-photon e-quantum abuthakathaka. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kwakusho ingqalasizinda yesikhashana engahambisani kakhulu nokusetshenziswa okukhulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhlala ndawonye okuboniswe yiqembu likaKumar kusikisela ukuthi, ngomklamo ofanele, Ama-node e-quantum esikhathi esizayo angaxhunyaniswa ngokusebenzisa kakhulu amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic akhona.EYurophu, lapho ingxenye enkulu yengqalasizinda ye-fiber optic isivele isetshenzisiwe futhi ifinyelela emadolobheni amakhulu nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, le ndlela izonciphisa kakhulu izindleko kanye nezikhathi zokuhlola amanethiwekhi e-quantum akude.
Ithuba lokusebenzisa kabusha izintambo esezigqitshwe kakade, zigijime ngemigudu ekhona, kanye nokuthembela engqalasizinda exhumanisa wonke amazwe nezifunda kungasheshisa ukushintshela ku- i-inthanethi ye-quantum efakwe kunethiwekhi yamanje, esikhundleni sokudinga ukwakha ungqimba olusha olungokoqobo kusukela ekuqaleni.
Inkinga yomsindo kuma-fiber optics nokuthi inqotshwe kanjani
Isithiyo esikhulu sokuxuba ukuxhumana kwe-classical kanye ne-quantum ku-fiber efanayo yi- umsindo obangelwa izimpawu zendabukoUma idatha ithunyelwa ngesivinini esiphezulu kanye namazinga aphezulu amandla, izinqubo ezingezona eziqondile zenzeka ezintweni zefayibha, njengokuthi Umsindo we-Ramanokungakhiqiza ama-photon angamanga ngqo kuma-wavelength band asetshenziselwa iziteshi ze-quantum.
Lawa ma-photon e-parasitic asebenza njengohlobo "lwenkungu" imisa isignali ye-quantumLokhu kwenza kube nzima noma kungenzeki nhlobo ukuthola i-photon ephethe ulwazi oluzothunyelwa ngaphandle. Yingakho abacwaningi abaningi bakubona kungenakwenzeka ukuba nesixhumanisi se-quantum esihlala ndawonye nesiteshi sedatha esivamile esiqinile ngaphakathi kwekhebula elifanayo.
Isu leqembu laseNorthwestern lihlanganisa hlukanisa ngokucophelela ubude bamaza obusetshenziswa yizibonakaliso ze-quantum neze-classicalKuma-photon ahilelekile ekuthuthweni kwezithombe, okulandelayo kukhethiwe: Ibhendi ye-O-fiber ye-opticalngama-wavelength azungeze ama-nanometer angu-1290 kanye no-1310, kuyilapho ithrafikhi yedatha "ku-inthanethi evamile" isalokhu ikhona Ibhendi ye-C, cishe ama-nanometer angu-1547.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwe-spectral kunciphisa kakhulu ukuphazamiseka okuqondile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zesignali, kodwa akwanele ngokwako. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bangeze uchungechunge lwe- ukuhlunga kwe-spectral kanye ne-temporal, ngamadivayisi akhipha umsindo ngaphandle kwamafasitela athakazelisayo kanye nezinhlelo zokuthola ezivumelanisiwe ukuze kutholakale kuphela ama-photon ayingxenye yenqubo yokuthunyelwa kwezithombe.
Umphumela uba ukuthi Ukuthembeka kwesimo se-quantum esithunyelwe kusalokhu kuphakeme ngisho nalapho i-fiber isetshenziswa kakhulu yithrafikhi yakudala.Ngamanye amazwi, ama-photon e-quantum ayakwazi "ukungena" ngomsindo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okuqukethwe kwawo kolwazi, into ebalulekile uma izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-quantum zesikhathi esizayo zizosebenza kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana angempela.
Kungani lokhu kuboniswa kubalulekile kumanethiwekhi e-quantum esikhathi esizayo
Ngale kwempumelelo yobuchwepheshe, okwenza lolu cwaningo lube wusizo umyalezo oluwuthumelayo emkhakheni wezokuxhumana: Akubalulekile ukwakha inethiwekhi entsha ngokuphelele ukuze uqale ukusebenzisa izinsizakalo ze-quantumUma ukuba khona kwethrafikhi yakudala kanye neziteshi ze-quantum kuqinisekiswa ezimweni eziningi, ukushintshela ku-inthanethi ye-quantum kungancika kakhulu engqalasizinda esivele ilawula ithrafikhi yezwi, idatha, kanye nevidiyo namuhla.
Esimweni saseYurophu, lapho amanethiwekhi amakhulu e-fiber optic exhumanisa khona amadolobha amakhulu, izikhungo zedatha, kanye nezindawo zesayensi, lo mbono uhambisana kahle kakhulu nezinhlelo ezifana ne- ingqalasizinda yokuxhumana kwe-quantum ekhuthazwa yi-European UnionAmazwe anjengeSpain, iFrance, iJalimane, i-Italy, noma lawo asemazweni aseBenelux angahlola izinhlelo zokuhlola lapho Izixhumanisi ze-quantum zakhiwe ngezintambo eseziyingxenye yomgogodla we-inthanethi kakade., esikhundleni sokudinga ukusebenzisa imizila ehambisanayo.
Le ndlela ayinciphisi nje kuphela izindleko zokuqala zokuthunyelwa, kodwa futhi yenza kube lula ukuvela kancane kancane: ama-node e-quantum amaqhinga angangezwa ezindaweni ezithile kunethiwekhi (isibonelo, izikhungo zocwaningo, amabhange noma ingqalasizinda ebalulekile) ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuklama kabusha ngokuphelele yonke indlela yokuxhumana yezwekazi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi i-quantum teleportation ikhombisile ukuthi ingahambisana nezimpawu zakudala ezinamandla aphezulu liqinisa umqondo wokuthi, esikhathini esimaphakathi, kuzokwenzeka. ukuhlanganisa izinsizakalo ze-quantum emishinini yenethiwekhi esivele isebenza ngabaqhubi abakhuluNgokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadivayisi ahlanganisiwe akwazi ukuphatha iziteshi zedatha ezivamile kanye nezixhumanisi ze-quantum ezizwela kakhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo angavela.
ESpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, eminyakeni yamuva nje atshale imali eningi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-fiber ekhaya kanye nasezinkundleni zomgogodla ezinamandla aphezulu, lolu hlobo lwentuthuko luvula umnyango sebenzisa lelo thuba lengqalasizinda emjahweni we-inthanethi ye-quantum, ngaphandle kokuqala phansi noma ukusala ngemuva kwezinye izifunda ezithuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe.
Izicelo: kusukela ku-cryptography ye-quantum kuya ku-computing esakazwayo
Enye yezindlela ezisheshayo zokusebenzisa i-quantum teleportation kumanethiwekhi angempela yi- Ukuxhumana okuphephile kakhulu kusetshenziswa i-quantum cryptographyKulezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo, okhiye bokubethela basatshalaliswa kusetshenziswa izakhiwo ze-quantum zokukhanya, ukuze noma yimuphi umzamo wokuhlola ushintshe isimo sezinhlayiya futhi ushiye umkhondo, okwenza ukungena kubonakale.
Uma izixhumanisi ze-quantum zingahlala ndawonye nethrafikhi evamile, kungaba lula. xhuma ama-node azwela kakhulu —isibonelo, amabhange amakhulu, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izikhungo zedatha ezinkulu zezinkampani, noma ingqalasizinda ebalulekile njengegridi kagesi— ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokuphelele inethiwekhi ekhona. IYurophu ibilokhu ihlola la mathuba isikhathi esithile ngamaphrojekthi okuxhumana kwe-quantum ezwenikazi lonke.
Enye indawo yokusetshenziswa yi- ukuxhumeka kwamakhompyutha e-quantum atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene zezweUkuthunyelwa kwe-state teleportation kuvumela ukudalwa kokuxhumana kwe-quantum phakathi kwama-processor angekho elabhorethri efanayo, okuvula umnyango wezinhlelo ze- isabalalise i-quantum computinglapho amadivayisi amaningana asebenzisana khona njengokungathi ayisistimu eyodwa, enamandla kakhulu.
Lolu hlobo lokwakha lungaba usizo ikakhulukazi eYurophu, lapho izikhungo zocwaningo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe zisebenza khona kuma-prototypes azo e-quantum processor. Ukukwazi ukuwaxhumanisa nge- inethiwekhi ye-quantum esebenzisa i-fiber ekhona Kuzovumela ukuzama ngezindlela ezintsha zokubala ngokubambisana kanye nokwabelana ngezinsiza phakathi kwamazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthunyelwa kwe-quantum phezu kwengqalasizinda yezokuxhumana yangempela kungathuthukisa izinhlelo ze- ukuvumelanisa amawashi anembe kakhulu, ukuzwa okusatshalalisiwe, kanye namasu okukala athuthukileKulezi zinkambu, ithuba lokwabelana ngezimo ze-quantum phakathi kwama-node ahlukaniswe ngokomzimba lingahumusha libe yizilinganiso ezinembile kakhulu, ukutholakala kokwehluka okuncane emasimini adonsela phansi noma kagesi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuzinza nokuphepha kwezinsizakalo zenethiwekhi ezibalulekile.
Izinyathelo ezilandelayo eziya ku-inthanethi ye-quantum esebenzayo
Naphezu kwentuthuko, abacwaningi ngokwabo bagcizelela ukuthi Kusenomsebenzi omningi okusamele wenziwe ngaphambi kokuba sikhulume nge-inthanethi ye-quantum esebenza ngokugcwele.Ukuhlolwa kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo futhi, yize ithrafikhi yakudala yayiningi, isimo sisalokhu sikude kakhulu nokubonisa ubunzima obuphelele benethiwekhi ephelele yezentengiselwano.
Enye yezinhloso ezisheshayo yilezi Khulisa amabanga okuthunyelwa kwempahla ngenkathi ugcina ukwethembeka kwesimo se-quantumUkuthatha inqubo ngale kwamakhilomitha angu-30,2 kudinga ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa yifayibha, umsindo oqongelelekile, kanye nesidingo sokufaka ama-node aphakathi aphatha kahle ukuhlangana.
Bafuna futhi ukuzama ukucushwa kwenethiwekhi okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhululapho kungekho khona umthumeli oyedwa kanye nomemukeli oyedwa, kodwa kukhona ama-node amaningi axhumene. Kulesi simo, amasu afana ne- ukushintshana kokuhilelekaokuvumela ukuhlangana kwe-quantum ukuthi kwandiswe emabangeni amade ngokuhlanganisa izixhumanisi eziningana ezimfushane, into ebalulekile ekwakheni amanethiwekhi e-quantum obubanzi besifunda noma bezwekazi.
Omunye umsebenzi uhilela ukuletha izivivinyo eduze kakhulu izimo zangempela zokuthunyelwa: ukusebenzisa izintambo ezigqitshwe phansi, ukubhekana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza okubangelwa yithrafikhi yasemadolobheni kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka okwenzeka nsuku zonke kumanethiwekhi ezokuxhumana anoma yiliphi izwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzodingeka thuthukisa ihadiwe encane, eqinile futhi engabizi kakhuluokwazi ukuhlanganiswa nengqalasizinda ekhona. Ama-detector e-single-photon asebenza kahle kakhulu, imithombo yokubopha ezinzile, kanye nemishini yokuhlunga engahlanganiswa emakhabetheni okuxhumana abaqhubi kanye nezinkampani kuzoba yizingxenye ezibalulekile zalobu buchwepheshe ukuze buphume ngempela elabhorethri.
Kodwa-ke, umboniso oshicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi i-Optica uletha etafuleni ushintsho olufanele lwendlela yokusebenza: umqondo wokuthunyelwa kwe-quantum Akudingeki kube yinto engavamile ekhawulelwe ezindaweni zokuhlolakodwa kancane kancane ingangena kunethiwekhi yefayibha esevele isekela ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wethu wedijithali.
Ngenxa yalolu cwaningo, i-inthanethi ye-quantum isiqala ukuvela njenge- ukuvela buthule kwenethiwekhi yamanje kunokuba kube yingqalasizinda entsha ngokuphelele, eneziteshi ze-quantum kanye nezibonakaliso zakudala ezihlala ndawonye ezintanjeni ezifanayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisukela ekuphepheni kwezokuxhumana kuya ekubalweni kanye ne-metrology ethuthukisiwe.