Funda konke mayelana ne-metrology nezinsimbi zokulinganisa, buyini ukubaluleka kwayo, umlando wayo, yini ukulinganisa, nokunye okuningi okungafanele ukuphuthe.
Iyini i-metrology nezinsimbi zokulinganisa?
Ake siqale ngomqondo ukuze kube nokucaca okwanele mayelana nesihloko ngokujwayelekile futhi ulwazi oluhle lukhiqizwa ekugcineni kolwazi olushiwo.
Ngokwe-etymologically, leli gama lakhiwe izichasiso ezimbili: "imitha" okusho isilinganiso, kanye "gia" okusho isayensi. Ngakho-ke, sinakho ukuthi lena isayensi yokulinganisa, amayunithi ayo, amathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukwenza lo msebenzi ngokunembile.
Iphinda ifunde ukuqinisekiswa kwezikhathi ezithile nokulinganisa.
Abantu abakhethekile endaweni bayichaza ngokuthi "ubuciko bezilinganiso ezifanele nezithembekile".
Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezehlukene, njengezimboni, isayensi efana nefiziksi nekhemistri nezinye, ngokuvezwa kwevelu yobukhulu, ngamathuluzi nezindlela ezifanele njengoba kuzochazwa kabanzi ezigabeni ezilandelayo. .
Le sayensi ivumela ukuthi, ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, emazweni anezimboni ezinkulu, kukhona ithuba lokuqhathanisa izilinganiso futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu imikhiqizo ingashintshwa.
Kunezindawo kule sayensi, njenge: i-electrical metrology, enezigaba ezihlukene. Ngokungeziwe ku-metrology namathuluzi okulinganisa, ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo kukho i-pressure gauge
Siyini isilinganiso?
Nakuba silinganisa kusukela sisebancane, esikoleni, esikoleni samabanga aphakeme nasenyuvesi, asilazi ngokujulile leli themu, njengoba sithatha nje ukuthi liyini ngenxa yezinto ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule.
Lo mqondo ususelwa egameni lesiLatini elithi "metiri", okuthi uma lihunyushwa sithole ukuthi isenzo sokuqhathanisa inani lento neyunithi yokulinganisa.
Lapho wenza lesi senzo, inani lezikhathi lapho le yunithi ithatha khona isikhala ngaphakathi kwaleso silinganiso izosungulwa.
Ngesilinganiso, ubude, isandiso, umthamo noma umthamo wento usungulwa ngokuqhathanisa neyunithi yokulinganisa.
Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa kaningi kusukela sisebancane, ngokusebenzisa irula kuyinto evamile kakhulu, amasentimitha, amamitha, igceke, unyawo, intshi noma ezinye, kodwa kunezinye izinhlobo zokulinganisa ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila ngaphandle kokulambisa. ukuqaphela.
Ukubaluleka kwe-metrology
Sesikushilo ukuthi le sayensi igxile ezintweni eziningi zempilo, kungathiwa isibalulekile ekusimameni kwesimiso samanje, njengoba siyibona kwezokupheka, ezohwebo, ezobuchwepheshe, ezesayensi emikhakheni eyahlukene. , phakathi kwezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokuba khona kwalokhu bekungeke kube khona indlela yokwenza ukunemba mayelana nokubala kanye nokwakhiwa, kungaba okungaqondakali kakhulu ukufeza ukunemba ezindaweni ezishiwo, ngakho-ke bekungeke kwenzeke ukunikeza ukuphepha ezimpilweni zabantu abaningi emigwaqweni. , izibhedlela ngisho nasekhaya.
Ngokwezibalo kuyavezwa ukuthi kungatholakala ukuthi kufikela ku-80% wokwehluleka okukhiqizwa ezimbonini kuhlobene kakhulu nohlelo lwe-metrology olungaqaliswanga kahle noma okungenani uhlelo lwalo.
Izikhathi eziningi isici somuntu sinquma, okusho ukuthi ufanelekile ngempela noma cha ukwenza lezi zilinganiso ezidingekayo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqiza ulwazi olukhulu mayelana nale sayensi, akufanele kushaywe indiva noma kwehliswe. kufanele iqeqeshelwe abantu abaningi endaweni ye-metrology namathuluzi okulinganisa.
umlando we-metrology
Izilinganiso zangaphambili zazenziwa, kodwa ngokomthetho zazilinganiselwe ezingxenyeni zomzimba womuntu; isibonelo, isandla, unyawo, ugebhezi noma abanye, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zazingaphelele, ngoba phakathi komuntu oyedwa nomunye zingahluka kakhulu.
Lokhu kwadala izinkinga eziningi lapho kuzanywa ukusungula ubudlelwano bezomnotho phakathi kwabantu.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ukuhweba kwakufunwa ukuthi kungabi kuzwelonke kuphela, kodwa futhi kwenzeke phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene, ngakho-ke kwakudingeka kunqunywe uhlelo lokulinganisa oluzokwamukelwa yinani elikhulu lamazwe.
Lapho kufika ikhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, kwahlongozwa ukusungulwa kohlelo lwezisindo nezilinganiso, olwaluzoba namayunithi angaxhomeki ephethinini elithile elingashabalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa kunalokho isidingo sasiwukuba lingapheli ngokomzimba.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa konke lokhu yayiyinde ngempela, kwaze kwaba yilapho “uhlelo lwemethrikhi yamadesimali” lusetshenziswa, luhlala luwujuqu ukuhlanganisa isisindo nesilinganiso.
Lolu hlelo lusekelwe kumitha lapho ukuphindaphinda nokuphindaphindeka okuncane ngaphakathi kweyunithi yokulinganisa kuxhunywe komunye nomunye ngokuphindaphinda noma ukuphindaphindeka okuncane kweshumi.
Izinsimbi zokulinganisa
Sesike sazisho ngaphambili, futhi kungukuthi ukuze kufezwe ukunemba okuphelele okunjalo kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amathuluzi avumela ukuthi kufezwe, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwalezi sayensi ehlukene ngeke kube yilokho abayikho namuhla futhi bekungeke kube nokwethembeka. etholwe okwamanje.
Ngakho-ke, umhlaba ubungeke ube yilokho oye waba yikho namuhla, lapho sithola khona izakhiwo ezinkulu, izakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele, ubuchwepheshe obuqhubeka busiza umsebenzi ngamunye owake wenza kube nzima ngathi ukuqhubeka nezinqubo eziningi.
Ngayinye yalezi zinsimbi ezizoshiwo ngezansi iza nesikali, okumane nje kuyiqembu lamamaki atholakala ethuluzini, avame ukuhambisana nezinombolo futhi kuyinto evamile ukuthi ibe ngomugqa oqondile noma oyindilinga, Ukunemba ezisetshenziswa ngakho kuzoncika ezingeni lokuzilungiselela umuntu ngamunye anazo.
Ukubaluleka kwazo zonke kuphakeme, kukhuphula izinga layo lokubaluleka ngokwendawo umuntu ngamunye asebenza kuyo, kungaba ubunjiniyela, i-architecture, i-chemistry noma abanye.
Umbusi
Njengoba iningi laziwa, umthetho uyibha enobude obuncane, esetshenziswa ngenhloso yokumaka imigqa eqondile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivundlile noma iqonde phezulu njengoba kudingekile, ikakhulukazi inemigqa emincane elinganisiwe esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ubude futhi ingeye-metrology. kanye nezisetshenziswa zokulinganisa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Kuqondwa "ngokulinganisa ubude" ukuthola ibanga phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili atholakala emugqeni oqondile.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lwenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, kukhona ukhuni, insimbi, ipulasitiki, insimbi; kodwa hhayi lokhu kuphela kodwa futhi zingafinyelelwa ngezilinganiso eziningi, singathola isikole esivame kakhulu, kukhona imitha eyodwa, phakathi kokunye.
Isikali esisetshenziswa kakhulu ngalawa mathuluzi ngamasentimitha namamilimitha.
Ithuluzi elifana nse naleli, kodwa eliguquguqukayo, i-tape measure, esetshenziswa kakhulu ezindlini uma kukhona abantu abathungayo, imvamisa iba yisentimitha ububanzi futhi ibe ngaphezu kwemitha ubude ubude. , izinto ezivame kakhulu ezenziwe ngazo ipulasitiki kodwa ungayithola ngezinye izindlela.
Ithimba lababazi
Lokhu kungase futhi kubizwe kwezinye izindawo ngokuthi ihlombe noma isikwele sohlaka, lokhu, njengangaphambili, kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa okunembile nokunembile kanye nokuhlola okunye okusuka ku-90 degrees kuya ku-45 degrees.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwaleli thuluzi, uzothola lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ihlombe, lokhu kukhulu kunomthetho, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuyadingeka ukuphumula onqenqemeni lwesiqephu esizobhekwa, futhi ngalokhu. ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthi inqubo nokuqinisekisa kusebenza kangcono futhi ngakho-ke kunezinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka.
Njengoba sekushiwo ezigabeni ezedlule, lokhu kungabuye kuqinisekiswe ngama-engeli angama-degree angamashumi amane nanhlanu, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ku-vertex ye-engeli engu-90 ihlombe liya engeli elishiwo.
Eminye imiklamo yaleli thuluzi inesibambo esinethuba lokuzungezisa ngenhloso yokuthi isetshenziswe ema-engeli ahlukene njengoba kudingeka, uma ngale ndlela kuthiwa iyizikwele zamanga.
Uma ufuna ukusika ocezwini lokhuni, ubeka ithuluzi nge-engeli engu-90 bese uyimaka, lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-metrology kanye nezinsimbi zokulinganisa.
i-vernier caliper
Leli thuluzi lisetshenziselwa ukwenza izilinganiso ezinembe kakhudlwana kunerula, njengoba lesi sakamuva sifinyelela kumamilimitha kuyilapho izinga noma unyawo lwenkosi lufinyelela engxenyeni yeshumi futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ifinyelela engxenyeni yeshumi yemilimitha.
Uma ufuna ukwenza izilinganiso zangaphandle uzosebenzisa imilenze emibili emide. Ngenkathi ezimeni lapho kuzokalwa khona ububanzi bezimbobo, imilenze emibili emincane kufanele isetshenziswe.
Ekugcineni, uma uzokala ukujula, uzosebenzisa isiqu esiphuma ngemuva. Ngezansi uzothola umthetho oneziqu obizwa ngokuthi i-vernier. Lapho izinga livuliwe futhi ulungise imilenze kufanele sicabangele fixed iziqu esikalini.
Umugqa onguziro walokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-vernier kuzoba yiwo ozokhombisa amamilimitha, lokhu kube umugqa wesikali esithweswe iziqu esihlala ngaphansi komugqa onguziro we-vernier.
Lezi zinhlobo zamathuluzi zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikhethekile ezifana nezakhiwo, ubunjiniyela bomphakathi, i-physics, izibalo noma ezinye, kodwa futhi zingasetshenziswa abanye abantu abafuna ukunemba okukhulu emsebenzini othile abawenzayo.
i-micrometer noma i-palmer
El I-Micrometer. kungenye ithuluzi lokulinganisa eliwusizo, njengoba limangalisa njengoba lingase libonakale, linamandla okwenza izilinganiso ezinembe kakhulu kunethuluzi elichazwe esigabeni sangaphambilini, lokhu kwaziwa njengeyunithi yobude, ebizwa nangokuthi i-micron.
Lokhu kulingana nesigidi esisodwa semitha futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ibizwa ngokuthi i-micron, nokho akuwona kuphela amagama ebhekisela kuwo, kodwa ingaphinde ibizwe ngokuthi i-palmer ngoba iyithuluzi elinokunemba okuphezulu.
Lokhu kukwazi ukwenza izilinganiso zekhulu lamamilimitha, leli thuluzi libuye lisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene lapho imishini yokugaya, ama-lathes, ubucwebe, kumakhenikha ingashiwo. Labo bantu abafuna ukwenza umsebenzi ngokunemba kwekhwalithi ephezulu kufanele basebenzise leli thuluzi njengoba lithembekile kakhulu.